VIETNAM WAR

One of many Vietnam War memorials

VIETNAM WAR. The Vietnam War was a military action in Southeast Asia in which the United States never formally declared war. United States participation began with limited use of American troops as advisers to South Vietnam's military. One of these advisers was Maj. R. L. Fischer of Dubuque who suggested an idea in 1967 that affected thousands of Vietnamese. Maj. Fischer suggested doing something for the dependents of Vietnamese soldiers who seemed to be missed by other relief programs. The program called Iowa Lends a Hand, Inc. was developed by Iowa Senator John WALSH. The non-profit program collected and shipped to Vietnam items which were specifically grown or manufactured in Iowa which would be beneficial to citizens of Vietnam and their military. (1)

Response to the American involvement led to thousands of anti-war marches and protests in the United States.

United States involvement ended with a cease-fire agreement signed by the United States, Viet Cong, and North and South Vietnam representatives in January 1973. Returning troops, however, were not welcomed as their predecessors in other wars--a shameful chapter in America's treatment of its military forces.

This entry will not deal with the Vietnam War outside of activities related to Dubuque including efforts to address veterans' issues.

The draft lottery on December 1, 1969. Photo courtesy: Selective Service System.

The Vietnam War came to Dubuque and many of its citizens wherever they were on December 1, 1969 when a lottery drawing - the first since 1942 - was held at Selective Service National Headquarters in Washington, D.C. This event determined the order of call for induction for registrants born between January 1, 1944, and December 31, 1950. Re-institution of the lottery was a change from the "draft the oldest man first" method, which had been the determining method for deciding order of call. (2)

There were 366 blue plastic capsules containing birth dates placed in a large glass container and drawn by hand to assign order-of-call numbers to all men within the 18-26 age range specified in Selective Service law. (3)

With radio, film, and TV coverage, the capsules were drawn from the container, opened, and the dates inside posted in order. The first capsule - drawn by Congressman Alexander Pirnie (R-NY) of the House Armed Services Committee - contained the date September 14, so all men born on September 14 in any year between 1944 and 1950 were assigned lottery number 1. The drawing continued until all days of the year had been paired with sequence numbers. (4) People with low lottery numbers received their draft notices within a week. (5)

Table	Date of Drawing	Applied to Year of Birth	Admin. Processing Number (6)
1970	1-Dec-69	1944-1950	195
1971	1-Jul-70	1951	125
1972	5-Aug-71	1952	95
1973	2-Feb-72	1953	95
1974	8-Mar-73	1954	95
1975	20-Mar-74	1955	95
1976	12-Mar-75	1956	95

The Administrative Processing Number (APN) indicated the highest lottery numbers called for each table year. The APN (highest number) called for a physical was 215 for tables 1970 through 1976.

The order of selection from among men born on the same date was determined by the order in which the first letters of their last, first, and middle names were drawn. For example, for Mr. Robert Brown, the alphabetical random selection sequence number for “B” is 25 and “R” is 23.

Alphabetical Sequence Table (7)

Number	Letter
1	J
2	G
3	D
4	X
5	N
6	O
7	Z
8	T
9	W
10	P
11	Q
12	Y
13	U
14	C
15	F
16	I
17	K
18	H
19	S
20	L
21	M
22	A
23	R
24	E
25	B
26	V

Results of the 1970 Lottery Drawing (8)

	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	Apr.	May	June	July	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.
1	305	086	108	032	330	249	093	111	225	359	019	129
2	159	144	029	271	298	228	350	045	161	125	034	328
3	251	297	267	083	040	301	115	261	049	244	348	157
4	215	210	275	081	276	020	279	145	232	202	266	165
5	101	214	293	269	364	028	188	054	082	024	310	056
6	224	347	139	253	155	110	327	114	006	087	076	010
7	306	091	122	147	035	085	050	168	008	234	051	012
8	199	181	213	312	321	366	013	048	184	283	097	105
9	194	338	317	219	197	335	277	106	263	342	080	043
10	325	216	323	218	065	206	284	021	071	220	282	041
11	329	150	136	014	037	134	248	324	158	237	046	039
12	221	068	300	346	133	272	015	142	242	072	066	314
13	318	152	259	124	295	069	042	307	175	138	126	163
14	238	004	354	231	178	356	331	198	001	294	017	026
15	017	089	169	273	130	180	322	102	113	171	131	320
16	121	212	166	148	055	274	120	044	207	254	107	096
17	235	189	033	260	112	073	098	154	255	288	143	304
18	140	292	332	090	278	341	190	141	246	005	146	128
19	058	025	200	336	075	104	227	311	177	241	203	240
20	280	032	239	345	183	360	187	344	063	192	185	135
21	186	363	334	062	250	060	027	291	204	243	156	070
22	337	290	265	316	326	247	153	339	160	117	009	053
23	118	057	256	252	319	109	172	116	119	201	182	162
24	059	236	258	002	031	358	023	036	195	196	230	095
25	052	179	343	351	036	137	067	286	149	176	132	084
26	092	364	170	340	357	022	303	245	018	007	309	173
27	355	205	268	074	296	064	289	352	233	264	047	078
28	077	299	223	262	308	222	088	167	257	094	281	123
29	349	285	362	191	226	353	270	061	151	229	099	016
30	164		217	208	103	209	287	333	315	038	174	003
31	211		030		313		193	011		079		100

Each table shows all the birth dates in a given year and the lottery numbers assigned to those dates.

In the first column, on the far left, are the dates of the month. The numbers in the center represent lottery numbers. The table is set up to show the random selection sequence, by month and day.

Order to Report for Physical Examination. This was the first step in being drafted into the military.

Order to Report for Induction. This letter meant you were drafted.

For those with birthdays drawn in the upper portion of the lottery list -- April 24, Dec. 30, Feb. 14, Oct. 18, Sept. 6, Oct. 26, Sept. 7, Nov. 22 and Dec. 6 rounded out the top 10 -- the uncertainty over their draft status had ended. They knew they would be drafted early in the year unless they volunteered first. Those at the bottom knew they would not be drafted and could plan their lives. For those in the middle of the drawing, uncertainty still existed.

Young men would had a maximum of seven years of uncertainty under the old system of drafting first the oldest available men aged 19 through 25. The estimated 850,000 who were 19 through 25 and classified 1-A or draft eligible as of Jan. 1 were directly affected by the drawing. After the first year, only men 19 at the beginning of the year and older men with deferments which had expired were affected by the annual lotteries. For men in the 19-25 pool with college or other deferments, the position their birthdays were drawn determined their liability in the year their deferments expired. (9)

The last draft call was on December 7, 1972, and the authority to induct expired on June 30, 1973. The date of the last drawing for the lottery was on March 12, 1975. Registration with the Selective Service System was suspended on April 1, 1975, and registrant processing was suspended on January 27, 1976. (10)

Protests Against the War

Iowans who were accustomed to eating dinner while watching the news saw the horror of war. Televised nightly, the pictures of death and dying came to quickly affect viewers:

              I was thirteen years old in 1968, growing up in a town 
              of about 30,000 in Iowa. At the end of 1968 an antiwar 
              committee formed in town and I joined a small group of 
              people who organized local demonstrations for the fall 
              1969 moratoriums and beyond. That’s an example of how 
              deeply into the heartland of America the antiwar movement 
              reached. It was not an elitist, isolated, bi-coastal, college 
              campus phenomenon like some people try to portray—it bubbled 
              up in the cornfields of Iowa and the wheat fields of Kansas. 
              There were factory workers and farmers for peace, as well as 
              students and freaks. (11)

On February 27, 1968, Dubuque residents who were viewers of the "Nightly News With Walter Cronkite," witnessed a watershed moment in news media. The non-political Cronkite, considered the dean of television reporters, stated:

           To say that we are closer to victory today is to 
           believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists 
           who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are 
           on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable 
           pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate 
           seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, 
           conclusion. On the off chance that military and 
           political analysts are right, in the next few months 
           we must test the enemy’s intentions, in case this 
           is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. 
           But it is increasingly clear to this reporter that 
           the only rational way out then will be to negotiate, 
           not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived 
           up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the 
           best they could. (12)

Photograph of Lyndon Johnson watching Walter Cronkite delivering his nightly news. Photo Courtesy: Words Matter

President Lyndon Johnson, watching live in the White House, reportedly turned to aides and said, “If I’ve lost Cronkite, I’ve lost Middle America.” Although the communist TET Offensive had been defeated, the public optimism of United States government and military officials about the progress of the Vietnam War did not meet the realities seen by the American public. (13)

On April 30, 1970 President Richard Nixon announced that United States forces would invade Cambodia because of the recent communist coup. Students around the country protested this escalation of the Vietnam War. On May 4, 1970 National Guard fired on students at Kent State University, in Ohio killing 4 and wounding 9 people. (14) College protests against the war led to the early closing of the three Iowa universities which sent students home before final examinations. (15)

Iowa's Radical History

The military's use of napalm, manufactured by Dow Chemical, was one incident that turned many in the public from criticizing only the politicians into critics of the military with terrible consequences to the troops who returned home to rejection.

The presence of Reserved Officers Training Corps (ROTC) on the campus of the University of Iowa and the academic credit they received for their service was called into question by both students and faculty in the spring of 1970. University President Willard Boyd, however, said he would not abolish ROTC. The Alumni Review had an article called “ROTC: Alive and Well at Iowa” in the December 1969 issue. (16)

Americans were also upset by the news that South Vietnam, the recipient of United States aid and soldiers, had lied about the presence of so-called "tiger cages" for its prisoners of war. First used by the French colonial administration in the mid-19th century, the "tiger cages" were said to have been abandoned for two years until two United States Representatives saw them used at the Con Son Island prison. This was occurring at the same time Americans were urging North Vietnam to treat American prisoners well. (17)

Protest Song (Eve of Destruction) and Pictures--http://wn.com/vietnam_protest_video

War

Vietnam War film footage: https://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A0LEVrd7LJtU5BYA3QgPxQt.;_ylu=X3oDMTBsa3ZzMnBvBHNlYwNzYwRjb2xvA2JmMQR2dGlkAw--?p=Vietnam+War+%28youtube%29&tnr=21&vid=FED0697F992951ABF9A9FED0697F992951ABF9A9&l=285&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts4.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DUN.607997456320103843%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdpWEv9Q0XQ4&sigr=11buftjgt&tt=b&tit=Vietnam+War-House+of+the+Rising+Sun&sigt=113mb8s8f&back=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fyhs%2Fsearch%3Fp%3DVietnam%2BWar%2B%2528youtube%2529%26ei%3DUTF-8%26hsimp%3Dyhs-001%26hspart%3Dmozilla&sigb=135jovb2p&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-001

The USS DUBUQUE was commissioned on September 1, 1967, at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia. In November 1967, the ship arrived at its first home port of San Diego, California after passing through the Panama Canal. From 1968 to 1975, DUBUQUE made five Western Pacific deployments that saw extensive duty in Vietnam. In a highly publicized event in October 1968, the ship returned fourteen repatriated prisoners of war to North Vietnam. (18)

From 1969 to 1971, the ship conducted ten KEYSTONE CARDINAL American troop lifts to Okinawa as part of the "Vietnamization" of the war. From February to June 1973, the ship operated helicopters that conducted mine clearance operations in Haiphong Harbor. In April 1975, the ship participated in the evacuation of Saigon and the rescue of refugees fleeing South Vietnam. (19)

On July 28, 1970 Dubuque Mayor Donald R. MEYERS signed a letter to the President of North Vietnam urging humane treatment of United States prisoners of war. The letter was part of a campaign launched by Miss Sherry King of Muscatine, Iowa and Mrs. Russell Martin of Kirksville, Missouri, members of the Iowa chapter of American Prisoners of Southeast Asia. They planned to travel throughout Iowa contacting mayors and asking them to sign the appeal for those taken prisoner and others missing in action. Their organization also encouraged individuals to write to Ton Duc Thang, President, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Hanoi, North Vietnam protesting the treatment of American prisoners. (20)

In mid-1971, the publication of the first Pentagon Papers–which revealed previously confidential details about the war’s conduct especially during the administration of President Lyndon Johnson. In response to a strong anti-war mandate, Nixon announced the effective end to U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia in January 1973. Nixon's own concern about leaks of government secrets, however, led to his involvement in activities that led to his resignation, the first of an American president. (21)

According to the National Archives, the following lists those from Dubuque who died in Vietnam. (Name, Rank, Branch of Service, City, Date of Death, Location, Date of Birth)

Gerald Thomas ATKINSON SP4 ARMY DUBUQUE IA 12MAR70 S.VIETNAM 13JUN46 HOSTILE, KILLED

Roy Roger BLEWETT PFC ARMY DUBUQUE IA 05NOV66 S.VIETNAM 07AUG43 HOSTILE, KILLED

Daniel H. CHATFIELD SP4 ARMY DUBUQUE IA 16MAY68 S.VIETNAM 08JUN47 HOSTILE, DIED-WOUNDS

Michael Joseph CLEMENS HN NAVY DUBUQUE IA 09JAN67 S.VIETNAM 03JAN47 HOSTILE, KILLED

Peter Everett COOK PFC MARINES DUBUQUE IA 22APR67 S.VIETNAM 26FEB48 HOSTILE, DIED-WOUNDS

Michael FITZGERALD HN NAVY DUBUQUE, IA 31JAN68 S. VIETNAM 13SEPT45 HOSTILE DIED-WOUNDS

Lawrence Archie HILKIN PFC ARMY DUBUQUE IA 06APR69 S.VIETNAM 16JUN50 HOSTILE, KILLED

William Owen JUERGENS LCPL MARINES DUBUQUE IA 08SEP66 S.VIETNAM 18SEP45 HOSTILE, KILLED

John Patrick MELOY SP4 ARMY DUBUQUE IA 10DEC68 S.VIETNAM 22AUG48 HOSTILE, KILLED

Ronald William MEYER 2LT MARINES DUBUQUE IA 16JUN66 S.VIETNAM 08NOV42 HOSTILE, KILLED

Ellas Louis Mihalakis SGT ARMY DUBUQUE IA 09JUL68 S.VIETNAM 20JUL47 HOSTILE, KILLED

Charles Louis Meyers, Jr. SGT ARMY DUBUQUE IA 21JUL68 S.VIETNAM 07APR45 HOSTILE, KILLED

Carl Anthony "Tony" PALEN SP6 ARMY DUBUQUE IA 22AUG78 S.VIETNAM 11APR47 NON-HOS. DIED-MISS.

James Conrad POWERS CAPT ARMY DUBUQUE IA 26MAY67 S.VIETNAM 23APR40 HOSTILE, KILLED

John Kenneth SCHMITT, Jr. CPL ARMY DUBUQUE IA 11AUG68 S.VIETNAM 19MAR48 HOSTILE, KILLED

Richard E. SUTHERLAND HN NAVY DUBUQUE IA 21SEP67 S.VIETNAM 24JUN45 HOSTILE, KILLED

Remembering

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund was established in 1979 to raise money for the construction of a memorial to the veterans of the Vietnam War. In 1980, Congress allotted three acres near the Lincoln Memorial for the site of this memorial and a design competition was held. Maya Ying Lin’s design was selected in 1981. Construction began in March 1982 and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall was dedicated on November 13, 1982. The “wall” is actually made up of two identical walls that are each 246 feet and 9 inches long, and contain more than 58,000 names. According to the National Park Service, the memorial receives roughly 3 million visitors per year. (22)

More than 275,000 Americans contributed almost $9 million to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund for the construction of the memorial. Nine groups of names have been added to the Memorial Wall since it was dedicated, with the most recent coming in 2011. The names were listed on the Wall in chronological order, based on the date of casualty. Within each day, the names are listed in alphabetic order. The names were inscribed on the Wall using a computerized typesetting process called photo stencil gritblasting. (23)

Three Soldiers Statue

The Three Servicemen Statue was the result of controversy surrounding Maya Lin’s design of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Some veterans and politicians felt that The Wall was a “giant tombstone,” and referred to it as a “black gash of shame.” For many, it was too abstract a design and people wanted a more heroic, traditional depiction of those who served. As a compromise, it was decided that a statue would be added as an important part of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Frederick Hart was selected to create the sculpture. (24)

On Oct. 13, 1982, the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts unanimously accepted the proposed design. The Statue depicts three soldiers, identifiable as Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic-American. Hart stated, “You are supposed to see three soldiers, but there are a lot of things I want you to feel as well. I want you to see that these are very young people. I want you to feel that they bore an excruciating burden.” (25)

The Three Servicemen Statue was unveiled on Veterans Day in 1984, two years after The Wall’s completion. A flagpole that flies the American flag 24 hours a day was dedicated at the same time. At the base of the flagstaff are the seals of the five military services, with the following inscription: “This flag represents the service rendered to our country by the veterans of the Vietnam War. The flag affirms the principles of freedom for which they fought and their pride in having served under difficult circumstances.” (26)

Vietnam Women's Memorial

The Vietnam Women’s Memorial was designed by Glenna Goodacre and dedicated in 1993. (27) Each Memorial Day and Veterans Day, veterans and other American patriots share their experiences “in their own voices.” Participants include women who served in support of the Armed Forces: nurses, administrators, air traffic controllers, journalists, women who entertained troops as members of the USO and Red Cross, women who served in a variety of occupations around the world. (28)

In Memory Plaque

In April 2000, the "In Memory Plaque" was authorized by Congress to be added to the three-acre Memorial site on the National Mall. The plaque honors those who died after service but are not eligible for placement on The Wall due to Department of Defense policies. (29)

The 24 X 36-inche wide plaque is a simple granite stone placed within the northeast corner of the Three Servicemen Statue Plaza. It was dedicated on November 10, 2004.

The inscription reads:

              "In memory of the men and women who served in the 
              Vietnam War and later died as a result of their 
              service. We honor and remember their sacrifice."

Iowa Senator Tom Harkin, a Navy veteran, was a leader in calling on the Department of Defense to improve the process for issuing military medals. In 1999 Harkin added an amendment to the Defense Authorization bill which directed the Secretary of Defense to eliminate the backlog in decoration requests.

In 2003 Harkin announced that Richard (Rick) Crimmins of Dubuque was granted eight medals earned during his Vietnam War service with the U.S. Army. Crimmins served in the U.S. Army from 1968 to 1978. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal, Army Commendation Medal, Good Conduct Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service medal with three Bronze Service Stars, Combat Medical Badge 1st Award, Republic of Vietnam Campaign Ribbon with Device (1960), and the Expert Badge with Auto Rifle Bar. (30)

The Moving Wall

The Moving Wall, a memorial for Vietnam veterans and those who fought and fell in the war, came to the Port of Dubuque for a second time in 2012. (31)

James Wagner, a co-founder of the DUBUQUE VETERANS' FREEDOM CENTER in Dubuque and a veteran of the Vietnam War, said this was a powerful display

          I think you're going to see a lot of 
          different emotions from the Vietnam 
          veterans. "It's been 15 years since 
          [the traveling wall has] been here, 
          and I think at that time a lot of the 
          Vietnam veterans weren't quite ready 
          to see it, and I think you'll see a 
          lot more this time." 

The wall cost $4,500 to bring to Dubuque. Area businesses donated other necessary materials, such as the temporary sidewalk at the display, plus lighting and tents at the site. (32)

From across the United States, members of the United States Army’s 765th Security Platoon who served in the Vietnam War, were together for a reunion in Dubuque on May 13, 2014. It was the first time many had seen each other since they left Vietnam. The Army’s records of their battalion somehow disappeared. Many of them never expected to reunite. (33)

In December 2014 American Legion Post 6 recognized National POW/MIA Day and honored Carl Anthony "Tony" PALEN, a Dubuque MIA from the Vietnam War. Elaine Palen, of Dubuque, had led efforts that positively identify her brother-in-law's remains. (34)

The UNIVERSITY OF DUBUQUE (UD) commitment to service-members and veterans dates to WORLD WAR II with the Navy’s V5/V12 programs. It continued to the present day with an Army ROTC Eagle Detachment, and a veteran support group for those studying on campus. Since 1999, the University encouraged Department of Defense Dependent Schools (DoDDS) graduates living overseas to join their community. The University of Dubuque has been given a “Military Friendly” rating by GI Jobs magazine and named a Yellow Ribbon School, a Vietnam War Commemoration Partner, and a Homebase Iowa employer. The University has also employed faculty and staff throughout the campus community, who are veterans of all military branches.

In 2014 the University of Dubuque offered the following assistance, education benefits, and veteran programs to all active duty military, veterans, and their families: (35)

       A retired veteran is on-site, providing all student veterans one-on-one
       assistance to ensure they are receiving all of their entitled benefits.
               
       Serving our student veterans with one of the largest Veteran Centers in 
       the region (study rooms, computers, WIFI, media hub, gaming systems, 
       lounge, and kitchen)
               
       The University of Dubuque participates in the Yellow Ribbon GI Education
       Enhancement Program. The University of Dubuque currently contributes 
       $10,000 (one of the highest in the area) towards the Yellow Ribbon program. 
       The Veterans Administration matches that amount for a total of $20,000 
       towards tuition.
               
       Waive the college application fee for veterans relocating to the area
               
       DoDDS Partnership and MCEI Grant (Military Child Education Initiative) 
       – $3,000
               ROTC Service (Contracted Cadets) – $6,000
               Army ROTC detachment
               Offers a reduced rate for LIFE (Accelerated Adult learning Program) 
               Federal Tuition Assistance rate.
               Credit for Military service through Veterans Joint Service Transcript
               (JST).
               Acceptance of CLEP/DANTES exams for college credit
               Montgomery GI Bill - Active Duty (Chapter 30)
               Montgomery GI Bill - Selected Reserve (Chapter 1606)
               Post-9/11 GI Bill (Chapter 33)
               Survivors and Dependents Educational Assistance Program (Chapter 35)
               Reserve Educational Assistance Program (Chapter 1607)
               Vocational Rehabilitation - Veterans with Disabilities (Chapter 31) 

An annual "Honor Flight" flight for veterans of any war involving American military became popular. Held in early May on two consecutive days, the veterans were ushered onto an airplane for a trip to Washington, D.C. for a day of sight-seeing and visiting with comrades. In the evening when landing in Dubuque, the veterans were honored with a double column of members of the AMERICAN LEGION, NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION and SONS OF UNION VETERANS OF THE CIVIL WAR carrying American flags and welcoming them home. For the Vienam War veterans who were generally met with hostility when they returned from the war, the comparison could not have been greater.

See category: WALK OF HONOR

See entries: HALLIBURTON, Louise Herron, NAUGHTON, Peggy, SILENT VIGIL FOR PEACE and many others.

---

Sources:

1. "Iowa Lends-A-Hand" to Viet," Telegraph Herald, May 14, 1967, p. 1

2. "History/Records-The Vietnam Lotteries," Selective Service System. Online: http://www.sss.gov/lotter1.htm

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. "Q&A of Iowan on Antiwar Movement of the Sixties," Iowa Radical History Online: https://iowaradicalhistory.wordpress.com/category/anti-war/

12. "Cronkite on the Vietnam War-Videos-CBS News," CBS News. Online: http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/cronkite-and-the-vietnam-war/

13. Ibid.

14. Robertson, Wendy. "1970 Student Protests," University of Iowa Libraries. Online: http://blog.lib.uiowa.edu/drp/2010/05/04/1970-student-protests/

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. "South Viets Will Destroy 'Tiger Cages," Telegraph Herald, July 21, 1970, p. 1

18. USS Dubuque (LPD 8) Online: http://navysite.de/ships/lpd8.htm

19. Ibid.

20. "Mayor Signs Letter to Hanoi," Telegraph Herald, July 29, 1970, p. 1

21. "Pentagon Papers," United States History. Online: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1871.html

22. Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Online: http://www.vvmf.org/the-memorial-history

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. "Harkin Helps Dubuque Veteran Obtain Vietnam Medals," News Release. Online: www.harkin.senate.gov/release.cfm?i=206474

31. "Traveling Vietnam War Memorial Comes to Dubuque," KWWL, Online: http://www.kwwl.com/story/19789083/traveling-vietnam-war-memorial-comes-to-dubuque

32. Ibid.

33. Wiedemann, Katie, "Vietnam Veterans Meet in Dubuque for the First Time in 50 Years," KCRG. Online: http://www.kcrg.com/subject/news/vietnam-veterans-meet-in-dubuque-for-the-first-time-in-50-years-20140513

34. "Dubuque MIA Remembered," THonline: http://www.thonline.com/news/tri-state/article_34edcf89-4a69-5a31-b20d-fce7682adcfa.html?mode=image

35. "Veterans," University of Dubuque. Online: http://www.dbq.edu/veterans/

The following pictures taken during the Vietnam War were provided by Jim Lang.

Traveling to Vietnam on deck.

Beneath decks on the way to Vietnam.

Filling sandbags

Lots of sandbags

"Tent City"

Putting up a radio antenna.

"Two Dubuque country boys"

Christmas-1965

Long guns.

Two armored personnel carriers.

Famed actor Robert Mitchum visited the troops.