LEAD MINING - Revision history

Randylyon at 19:05, 12 February 2022

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	The process of smelting the ore improved quickly. By 1836 the Dubuque area had five operating furnaces each of which smelted seventy "pigs,"one hundred pound bars, of lead weekly. In 1890 during the time foundations for a seminary on [[KELLY'S BLUFF]] were being dug, one of the pig molds belonging to [[KELLY, Thomas\|Thomas KELLY]] was found. To avoid any confusion between the "pigs" belonging to him or to other miners, Kelly had molds made so that when the lead was poured into them his name appeared on one side. The mold was later displayed at the [[COLUMBIA MUSEUM OF HISTORY, ART, AND SCIENCE]]. (15)		The process of smelting the ore improved quickly. By 1836 the Dubuque area had five operating furnaces each of which smelted seventy "pigs,"one hundred pound bars, of lead weekly. In 1890 during the time foundations for a seminary on [[KELLY'S BLUFF]] were being dug, one of the pig molds belonging to [[KELLY, Thomas\|Thomas KELLY]] was found. To avoid any confusion between the "pigs" belonging to him or to other miners, Kelly had molds made so that when the lead was poured into them his name appeared on one side. The mold was later displayed at the [[COLUMBIA MUSEUM OF HISTORY, ART, AND SCIENCE]]. (15)

	McKnight's furnace smelted an estimated 70,000 pounds per week as did ~~Hulett's~~ furnace. While Lorimier's furnace smelted 60,000 pounds, O'Ferrall's smelted 100,000 pounds. (16) The earliest furnace used in 1836 was known as the "bulls-eye" and proved notorious for the amount of lead lost in processing. This was replaced by 1837 with the "air or cupola furnace" introduced by [[LORIMIER, Peter\|Peter LORIMIER]]. He built an experimental oven near Catfish Creek. Around this same time, the father of [[BONSON, Richard\|Richard BONSON]] constructed the first blast furnace used in the area. This had the capacity of recovering as much as 70% of the ore. (17)		McKnight's furnace smelted an estimated 70,000 pounds per week as did the furnace of [[HUGHLETT, Samuel\|Samuel HUGHLETT]]. While Lorimier's furnace smelted 60,000 pounds, O'Ferrall's smelted 100,000 pounds. (16) The earliest furnace used in 1836 was known as the "bulls-eye" and proved notorious for the amount of lead lost in processing. This was replaced by 1837 with the "air or cupola furnace" introduced by [[LORIMIER, Peter\|Peter LORIMIER]]. He built an experimental oven near Catfish Creek. Around this same time, the father of [[BONSON, Richard\|Richard BONSON]] constructed the first blast furnace used in the area. This had the capacity of recovering as much as 70% of the ore. (17)

	Prices for lead varied widely between $15.00 per one thousand pounds in July of 1837 to $23.00 in August of the same year. According to the federal census of 1840 the single largest industry in Iowa was the lead smelter in Dubuque that produced 500,000 pounds of lead annually on a capital investment of $38,500. This was equal to 20 percent of the total $199,000 then invested in manufacturing in the state.		Prices for lead varied widely between $15.00 per one thousand pounds in July of 1837 to $23.00 in August of the same year. According to the federal census of 1840 the single largest industry in Iowa was the lead smelter in Dubuque that produced 500,000 pounds of lead annually on a capital investment of $38,500. This was equal to 20 percent of the total $199,000 then invested in manufacturing in the state.

Randylyon at 00:39, 11 February 2022

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Randylyon at 16:04, 31 August 2021

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	[[Category: Industry]]		[[Category: Industry]]
			[[Category: Map]]

Randylyon at 18:20, 29 December 2020

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			[[File:crevices.png\|left\|thumb\|300px\|Diagram of lead-bearing crevices near Dubuque (1858). Photo courtesy: The Iowa Heritage Digital Collections. https://www.iowaheritage.org/items/show/41220]]
	[[File:swissvalley1.jpg\|left\|thumb\|200px\|Artifacts dealing with the lead mining industry. Photo courtesy: Swiss Valley Nature Center]]		[[File:swissvalley1.jpg\|left\|thumb\|200px\|Artifacts dealing with the lead mining industry. Photo courtesy: Swiss Valley Nature Center]]
	[[File:swissvalley2.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Artifacts dealing with the lead mining industry. Photo courtesy: Swiss Valley Nature Center]]LEAD MINING. The principal attraction of the Dubuque area to the first white settlers. [[LEAD]] mining was carried on in the area as early as 1685 when [[PERROT, Nicholas\|Nicholas PERROT]] entered the territory. He established a fort near the present site of East Dubuque and mined lead on the western bank of the Mississippi. (1)		[[File:swissvalley2.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Artifacts dealing with the lead mining industry. Photo courtesy: Swiss Valley Nature Center]]LEAD MINING. The principal attraction of the Dubuque area to the first white settlers. [[LEAD]] mining was carried on in the area as early as 1685 when [[PERROT, Nicholas\|Nicholas PERROT]] entered the territory. He established a fort near the present site of East Dubuque and mined lead on the western bank of the Mississippi. (1)

Randylyon at 19:17, 12 December 2018

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	It is believed that the small-scale mining done by Native Americans attracted [[DUBUQUE, Julien\|Julien DUBUQUE]] to this land in 1788. Dubuque skillfully persuaded the natives, in an agreement signed at Prairie du Chien on September 22, 1788, to grant him mining rights along the western side of the [[MISSISSIPPI RIVER]] near [[CATFISH CREEK]]. Dubuque established one furnace to refine ore near present-day [[EAGLE POINT]] while a second furnace was constructed at the mouth of Catfish Creek. (2) Estimates of the amount of ore he annually mined range between twenty thousand and forty thousand pounds. (3) Doubtful about the legality of his agreement with the Native Americans, Dubuque petitioned the Spanish Governor-General in 1796 to obtain formal recognition of his claim to which he gave the name "Mines of Spain." (4) From 1788 to 1810 he worked these mines with hoe, shovel, crowbar and pick, but sank no shafts. He also used Native American labor:		It is believed that the small-scale mining done by Native Americans attracted [[DUBUQUE, Julien\|Julien DUBUQUE]] to this land in 1788. Dubuque skillfully persuaded the natives, in an agreement signed at Prairie du Chien on September 22, 1788, to grant him mining rights along the western side of the [[MISSISSIPPI RIVER]] near [[CATFISH CREEK]]. Dubuque established one furnace to refine ore near present-day [[EAGLE POINT]] while a second furnace was constructed at the mouth of Catfish Creek. (2) Estimates of the amount of ore he annually mined range between twenty thousand and forty thousand pounds. (3) Doubtful about the legality of his agreement with the Native Americans, Dubuque petitioned the Spanish Governor-General in 1796 to obtain formal recognition of his claim to which he gave the name "Mines of Spain." (4) From 1788 to 1810 he worked these mines with hoe, shovel, crowbar and pick, but sank no shafts. He also used Native American labor:

	The ore at these mines is now exclusively dug by
	the Indian women. Old and superannuated men also
	partake in the mining labor, but the warriors and
	men hold themselves above it. In this labor, the		The ore at these mines is now exclusively dug by
	persons who engage in it employ the hoe, shovel,		the Indian women. Old and superannuated men also
	pick-axe, and crow-bar. These implements are supplied		partake in the mining labor, but the warriors and
	by the traders at the island, who are the purchasers		men hold themselves above it. In this labor, the
	of the crude ore. With these implements they dig trenches,		persons who engage in it employ the hoe, shovel,
	till they are arrested by solid rock. There are no shafts,		pick-axe, and crow-bar. These implements are
	even of the simplest kind, and the windlass and bucket are		supplied by the traders at the island, who are
	unknown to them, far more so the use of gunpowder in the		the purchasers of the crude ore. With these
	mining operations. Their mode of going down into the deepest		implements they dig trenches, till they are
	pits, and coming up from them, is by digging an inclined way,		arrested by solid rock. There are no shafts,
	~~which~~ permits the women to keep an erect position in walking. (5)		even of the simplest kind, and the windlass and
			bucket are unknown to them, far more so the use
			of gunpowder in the mining operations. Their mode
			of going down into the deepest pits, and coming up
			from them, is by digging an inclined way, which
			permits the women to keep an erect position in
			walking. (5)

	[[File:leadpig.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Crudely cast "pig" with owner's mark clearly shown. Photo courtesy: E. B. Lyons Interpretative Center]]Dubuque smelted the ore in the furnaces he had constructed and then it was reduced to bars or pigs. He transported this by boat to St. Louis where the "pigs" were sold to purchase goods used for trade with Native Americans. (6) After his death, the Indians burned Dubuque's house and fences and destroyed all traces of his mining operations so far as possible in order to keep out other white men. (7) The Indians themselves continued to work the mines intermittently and sold the ore to traders who had furnaces on the islands in the river.		[[File:leadpig.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Crudely cast "pig" with owner's mark clearly shown. Photo courtesy: E. B. Lyons Interpretative Center]]Dubuque smelted the ore in the furnaces he had constructed and then it was reduced to bars or pigs. He transported this by boat to St. Louis where the "pigs" were sold to purchase goods used for trade with Native Americans. (6) After his death, the Indians burned Dubuque's house and fences and destroyed all traces of his mining operations so far as possible in order to keep out other white men. (7) The Indians themselves continued to work the mines intermittently and sold the ore to traders who had furnaces on the islands in the river.

Randylyon at 19:14, 12 December 2018

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	which permits the women to keep an erect position in walking. (5)		which permits the women to keep an erect position in walking. (5)

	[[File:leadpig.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Photo courtesy: E. B. Lyons Interpretative Center]]Dubuque smelted the ore in the furnaces he had constructed and then it was reduced to bars or pigs. He transported this by boat to St. Louis where the "pigs" were sold to purchase goods used for trade with Native Americans. (6) After his death, the Indians burned Dubuque's house and fences and destroyed all traces of his mining operations so far as possible in order to keep out other white men. (7) The Indians themselves continued to work the mines intermittently and sold the ore to traders who had furnaces on the islands in the river.		[[File:leadpig.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Crudely cast "pig" with owner's mark clearly shown. Photo courtesy: E. B. Lyons Interpretative Center]]Dubuque smelted the ore in the furnaces he had constructed and then it was reduced to bars or pigs. He transported this by boat to St. Louis where the "pigs" were sold to purchase goods used for trade with Native Americans. (6) After his death, the Indians burned Dubuque's house and fences and destroyed all traces of his mining operations so far as possible in order to keep out other white men. (7) The Indians themselves continued to work the mines intermittently and sold the ore to traders who had furnaces on the islands in the river.

	Some traders used whiskey to obtain lead. In his later years a trader named Thomas McNair told of loading a Mackinaw boat with stores of whiskey and coming to the natives' village in the fall about one mile south of the present city of Dubuque. According to McNair, the boats were "besieged" by natives who considered themselves fortunate if they could get a flask of whiskey for one hundred or two hundred pounds of lead. The lead formed in "round flakes" was left in control of the chief while the traders traveled north to Prairie du Chein. During the winter, the traders constructed large pine rafts. In the spring, the traders floated the rafts back to the natives' village. Collecting their lead, they floated downriver to St. Louis where both the lead and the rafts were sold. (8)		Some traders used whiskey to obtain lead. In his later years a trader named Thomas McNair told of loading a Mackinaw boat with stores of whiskey and coming to the natives' village in the fall about one mile south of the present city of Dubuque. According to McNair, the boats were "besieged" by natives who considered themselves fortunate if they could get a flask of whiskey for one hundred or two hundred pounds of lead. The lead formed in "round flakes" was left in control of the chief while the traders traveled north to Prairie du Chein. During the winter, the traders constructed large pine rafts. In the spring, the traders floated the rafts back to the natives' village. Collecting their lead, they floated downriver to St. Louis where both the lead and the rafts were sold. (8)

Randylyon at 19:07, 12 December 2018

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	By August, 1865, little mineral was being raised ; it was worth from $53 to $55 per thousand. (41)		By August, 1865, little mineral was being raised ; it was worth from $53 to $55 per thousand. (41)

	~~Map of the lead mines [[File:LeadMineMaps.pdf]] Courtesy: [[FELDERMAN, Robert J.\|Robert J. FELDERMAN]]~~

	See: [[MINING]]		See: [[MINING]]
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	4. Ludvigson, Greg A. and Dockal, James A. "Lead and Zinc Mining in the Dubuque Area."Online: http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/leadzinc/leadzinc.htm		4. Ludvigson, Greg A. and Dockal, James A. "Lead and Zinc Mining in the Dubuque Area."Online: http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/leadzinc/leadzinc.htm

	5. Schoolcraft, Henry R.1855 Summer Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820: Resumed and Completed by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake in 1832. Lippencott, Grambo, and Company, Philadelphia.		5. Schoolcraft, Henry R. "1855 Summer Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820: Resumed and Completed by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake in 1832." Lippencott, Grambo, and Company, Philadelphia.

	6. Anderson, Wayne I. '''Iowa's Geological Past: Three Billion Years of Change.''' Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1998, p. 92.		6. Anderson, Wayne I. '''Iowa's Geological Past: Three Billion Years of Change.''' Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1998, p. 92.

Randylyon at 19:04, 12 December 2018

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	The abandonment of surface workings suggests that the miners left without any attempt to close the tunnels, cap or fill the shafts, and remove surface equipment. The abandoned shafts in the Dubuque mining area were left open until the timbering at their tops collapsed, partially filling the shaft. The depressions or "mineral holes" were later used as dumps for old fences, cars, garbage, or animal carcasses. With urban development in the area, these were later bulldozed over, and houses and streets were constructed. (28)		The abandonment of surface workings suggests that the miners left without any attempt to close the tunnels, cap or fill the shafts, and remove surface equipment. The abandoned shafts in the Dubuque mining area were left open until the timbering at their tops collapsed, partially filling the shaft. The depressions or "mineral holes" were later used as dumps for old fences, cars, garbage, or animal carcasses. With urban development in the area, these were later bulldozed over, and houses and streets were constructed. (28)

	[[Image:miningmap.png\|left\|thumb\|350px\|Known mine shafts are represented on this map by a square. Image courtesy: Telegraph ~~HeraldIt~~ is no wonder that Dubuque, with its estimated 700 to 2,000 abandoned mine shafts, occasionally experiences the loss of a front yard or collapse of a street due to [[SINKHOLES]]		[[Image:miningmap.png\|left\|thumb\|350px\|Known mine shafts are represented on this map by a square. Image courtesy: Telegraph Herald]]It is no wonder that Dubuque, with its estimated 700 to 2,000 abandoned mine shafts, occasionally experiences the loss of a front yard or collapse of a street due to [[SINKHOLES]]

	'''Prices For Lead'''		'''Prices For Lead'''

Randylyon at 19:03, 12 December 2018

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	The abandonment of surface workings suggests that the miners left without any attempt to close the tunnels, cap or fill the shafts, and remove surface equipment. The abandoned shafts in the Dubuque mining area were left open until the timbering at their tops collapsed, partially filling the shaft. The depressions or "mineral holes" were later used as dumps for old fences, cars, garbage, or animal carcasses. With urban development in the area, these were later bulldozed over, and houses and streets were constructed. (28)		The abandonment of surface workings suggests that the miners left without any attempt to close the tunnels, cap or fill the shafts, and remove surface equipment. The abandoned shafts in the Dubuque mining area were left open until the timbering at their tops collapsed, partially filling the shaft. The depressions or "mineral holes" were later used as dumps for old fences, cars, garbage, or animal carcasses. With urban development in the area, these were later bulldozed over, and houses and streets were constructed. (28)

	It is no wonder that Dubuque, with its estimated 700 to 2,000 abandoned mine shafts, occasionally experiences the loss of a front yard or collapse of a street.		[[Image:miningmap.png\|left\|thumb\|350px\|Known mine shafts are represented on this map by a square. Image courtesy: Telegraph HeraldIt is no wonder that Dubuque, with its estimated 700 to 2,000 abandoned mine shafts, occasionally experiences the loss of a front yard or collapse of a street due to [[SINKHOLES]]

	'''Prices For Lead'''		'''Prices For Lead'''

Randylyon at 18:23, 31 January 2018

2018-01-31T18:23:16Z

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	14. Ibid.		14. Ibid.

	15.		15. "Kelly's Story Told by Museum," ''Telegraph-Herald'', February 14, 1940, p. 7

	15. "History,". p. 21		16. "History,". p. 21

	16. Ibid. http://books.google.com/books?id=u9xDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464&lpg=PA464&dq=Burton%27s+Furnace+%28dubuque+history%29&source=bl&ots=0CkCGLFR0v&sig=a0Ou1vN3ew6nQUYoq2aOJsXF9Mg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j3HVT5XALaP42QXVp9iFDw&ved=0CGgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Burton%27s%20Furnace%20%28dubuque%20history%29&f=false		17. Ibid. http://books.google.com/books?id=u9xDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464&lpg=PA464&dq=Burton%27s+Furnace+%28dubuque+history%29&source=bl&ots=0CkCGLFR0v&sig=a0Ou1vN3ew6nQUYoq2aOJsXF9Mg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j3HVT5XALaP42QXVp9iFDw&ved=0CGgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Burton%27s%20Furnace%20%28dubuque%20history%29&f=false

	17. Oldt, p. 23		18. Oldt, p. 23

	18. Ludvigson, Greg.		19. Ludvigson, Greg.

	~~19. Oldt, p. 27~~

	20. Oldt, p. 27		20. Oldt, p. 27

	21. ~~"Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', September 26, 1878~~, p. ~~4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18780926&printsec=frontpage&hl=en~~		21. Oldt, p. 27

	22. "~~A Miner's Picnic~~," ''Dubuque ~~Daily~~ Herald'', ~~July 31~~, ~~1891~~, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=~~_OG5zn83XeQC~~&dat=~~18910731~~&printsec=frontpage&hl=en		22. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', September 26, 1878, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18780926&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

	23. ~~Oldt~~, p. 20		23. "A Miner's Picnic," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', July 31, 1891, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18910731&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

	24. ~~Ludvigson~~, ~~Greg A~~.		24. Oldt, p. 20

	25. ~~Ibid~~.		25. Ludvigson, Greg A.

	26. Ibid.		26. Ibid.
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	27. Ibid.		27. Ibid.

	28. Oldt, p. 19		28. Ibid.

			29. Oldt, p. 19

	29. Ibid., p.21		30. Ibid., p.21

	30. Ibid. p. 22		31. Ibid. p. 22

	31. Gruber, Jeffrey, e-mail		32. Gruber, Jeffrey, e-mail

	32. Oldt, p. 22		33. Oldt, p. 22

	33. Ibid. p. 24		34. Ibid. p. 24

	34. Ibid. p. 25		35. Ibid. p. 25

	35. Ibid. p. 26		36. Ibid. p. 26

	36. Ibid. p. 27		37. Ibid. p. 27

	37. Ibid.		38. Ibid.

	38. Ibid. p. 28		39. Ibid. p. 28

	39. Ibid.		40. Ibid.

	. Ibid.		41. Ibid.

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			[[File:crevices.png\|left\|thumb\|300px\|Diagram of lead-bearing crevices near Dubuque (1858). Photo courtesy: The Iowa Heritage Digital Collections. https://www.iowaheritage.org/items/show/41220]]
	[[File:swissvalley1.jpg\|left\|thumb\|200px\|Artifacts dealing with the lead mining industry. Photo courtesy: Swiss Valley Nature Center]]		[[File:swissvalley1.jpg\|left\|thumb\|200px\|Artifacts dealing with the lead mining industry. Photo courtesy: Swiss Valley Nature Center]]
	[[File:swissvalley2.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Artifacts dealing with the lead mining industry. Photo courtesy: Swiss Valley Nature Center]]LEAD MINING. The principal attraction of the Dubuque area to the first white settlers. [[LEAD]] mining was carried on in the area as early as 1685 when [[PERROT, Nicholas\|Nicholas PERROT]] entered the territory. He established a fort near the present site of East Dubuque and mined lead on the western bank of the Mississippi. (1)		[[File:swissvalley2.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Artifacts dealing with the lead mining industry. Photo courtesy: Swiss Valley Nature Center]]LEAD MINING. The principal attraction of the Dubuque area to the first white settlers. [[LEAD]] mining was carried on in the area as early as 1685 when [[PERROT, Nicholas\|Nicholas PERROT]] entered the territory. He established a fort near the present site of East Dubuque and mined lead on the western bank of the Mississippi. (1)

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	The ore at these mines is now exclusively dug by		The ore at these mines is now exclusively dug by
	the Indian women. Old and superannuated men also		the Indian women. Old and superannuated men also
	partake in the mining labor, but the warriors and		partake in the mining labor, but the warriors and
	men hold themselves above it. In this labor, the		men hold themselves above it. In this labor, the
	persons who engage in it employ the hoe, shovel,		persons who engage in it employ the hoe, shovel,
	pick-axe, and crow-bar. These implements are		pick-axe, and crow-bar. These implements are
	supplied by the traders at the island, who are		supplied by the traders at the island, who are
	the purchasers of the crude ore. With these		the purchasers of the crude ore. With these
	implements they dig trenches, till they are		implements they dig trenches, till they are
	arrested by solid rock. There are no shafts,		arrested by solid rock. There are no shafts,
	even of the simplest kind, and the windlass and		even of the simplest kind, and the windlass and
	bucket are unknown to them, far more so the use		bucket are unknown to them, far more so the use
	of gunpowder in the mining operations. Their mode		of gunpowder in the mining operations. Their mode
	of going down into the deepest pits, and coming up		of going down into the deepest pits, and coming up
	from them, is by digging an inclined way, which		from them, is by digging an inclined way, which
	permits the women to keep an erect position in		permits the women to keep an erect position in
	walking. (5)		walking. (5)

	[[File:leadpig.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Crudely cast "pig" with owner's mark clearly shown. Photo courtesy: E. B. Lyons Interpretative Center]]Dubuque smelted the ore in the furnaces he had constructed and then it was reduced to bars or pigs. He transported this by boat to St. Louis where the "pigs" were sold to purchase goods used for trade with Native Americans. (6) After his death, the Indians burned Dubuque's house and fences and destroyed all traces of his mining operations so far as possible in order to keep out other white men. (7) The Indians themselves continued to work the mines intermittently and sold the ore to traders who had furnaces on the islands in the river.		[[File:leadpig.jpg\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Crudely cast "pig" with owner's mark clearly shown. Photo courtesy: E. B. Lyons Interpretative Center]]Dubuque smelted the ore in the furnaces he had constructed and then it was reduced to bars or pigs. He transported this by boat to St. Louis where the "pigs" were sold to purchase goods used for trade with Native Americans. (6) After his death, the Indians burned Dubuque's house and fences and destroyed all traces of his mining operations so far as possible in order to keep out other white men. (7) The Indians themselves continued to work the mines intermittently and sold the ore to traders who had furnaces on the islands in the river.