KNIGHTS OF LABOR - Revision history

Randylyon at 03:52, 14 September 2016

2016-09-14T03:52:04Z

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	The unexpected death of John Stafford, weakened patronage of the cooperatives, and election defeats all conspired to further weaken the Knights locally. In one of its last efforts, the Knights led the efforts in forming the [[DUBUQUE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS]], a citywide labor organization in July 1888. (32)		The unexpected death of John Stafford, weakened patronage of the cooperatives, and election defeats all conspired to further weaken the Knights locally. In one of its last efforts, the Knights led the efforts in forming the [[DUBUQUE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS]], a citywide labor organization in July 1888. (32)

	In April 1891 the Knights asked the city council to reduce the official work day in the city from ten to eight hours at a wage of $3.50 per day. (33)		In April 1891 the Knights asked the city council to reduce the official work day in the city from ten to eight hours at a wage of $3.50 per day. (33) Working hours in May 1891 were the basis of the strike by plumbers in Dubuque. (34)

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	33. "The Labor Question," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', May 1, 1891, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18910501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en		33. "The Labor Question," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', May 1, 1891, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18910501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

			34. "Still Striking," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', May 5, 1891, p. 8. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18910505&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

	[[Category: Unions]]		[[Category: Unions]]
	[[Category: Labor Movement]]		[[Category: Labor Movement]]

Randylyon at 03:27, 14 September 2016

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	5. "Knights of Labor," Ohio History Central		5. "Knights of Labor," Ohio History Central

	6. Scharnau~~, Ralph~~. p. 353		6. Scharnau. p. 353

	7. "Knights of Labor," Encylopedia Britannica		7. "Knights of Labor," Encylopedia Britannica
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	9. "Knights of Labor," The Holiday Spot. Online: http://www.theholidayspot.com/laborday/k_of_L.htm		9. "Knights of Labor," The Holiday Spot. Online: http://www.theholidayspot.com/laborday/k_of_L.htm

	10. Scharnau~~, Ralph~~. p. 355		10. Scharnau. p. 355

	11. Ibid., p. 356		11. Ibid., p. 356
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	32. Ibid. 376		32. Ibid. 376

	33. "The Labor ~~Qurestion~~," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', May 1, 1891, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18910501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en		33. "The Labor Question," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', May 1, 1891, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18910501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

	[[Category: Unions]]		[[Category: Unions]]
			[[Category: Labor Movement]]

Randylyon at 03:26, 14 September 2016

2016-09-14T03:26:11Z

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	The unexpected death of John Stafford, weakened patronage of the cooperatives, and election defeats all conspired to further weaken the Knights locally. In one of its last efforts, the Knights led the efforts in forming the [[DUBUQUE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS]], a citywide labor organization in July 1888. (32)		The unexpected death of John Stafford, weakened patronage of the cooperatives, and election defeats all conspired to further weaken the Knights locally. In one of its last efforts, the Knights led the efforts in forming the [[DUBUQUE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS]], a citywide labor organization in July 1888. (32)

	In April 1891 the Knights asked the city council to reduce the official work day in the city from ten to eight hours. (33)		In April 1891 the Knights asked the city council to reduce the official work day in the city from ten to eight hours at a wage of $3.50 per day. (33)

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Randylyon at 03:24, 14 September 2016

2016-09-14T03:24:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:24, 14 September 2016
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	The unexpected death of John Stafford, weakened patronage of the cooperatives, and election defeats all conspired to further weaken the Knights locally. In one of its last efforts, the Knights led the efforts in forming the [[DUBUQUE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS]], a citywide labor organization in July 1888. (32)		The unexpected death of John Stafford, weakened patronage of the cooperatives, and election defeats all conspired to further weaken the Knights locally. In one of its last efforts, the Knights led the efforts in forming the [[DUBUQUE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS]], a citywide labor organization in July 1888. (32)

			In April 1891 the Knights asked the city council to reduce the official work day in the city from ten to eight hours. (33)

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	32. Ibid. 376		32. Ibid. 376

			33. "The Labor Qurestion," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', May 1, 1891, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18910501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

	[[Category: Unions]]		[[Category: Unions]]

Randylyon at 20:51, 5 February 2015

2015-02-05T20:51:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:51, 5 February 2015
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	The unexpected death of John Stafford, weakened patronage of the cooperatives, and election defeats all conspired to further weaken the Knights locally. In one of its last efforts, the Knights led the efforts in forming the [[DUBUQUE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS]], a citywide labor organization in July 1888. (32)		The unexpected death of John Stafford, weakened patronage of the cooperatives, and election defeats all conspired to further weaken the Knights locally. In one of its last efforts, the Knights led the efforts in forming the [[DUBUQUE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS]], a citywide labor organization in July 1888. (32)






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Randylyon at 20:51, 5 February 2015

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	debt, the contract labor system of performing street work, and monopolistic practices of 'corrupt rings and political tricksters.' (24)		debt, the contract labor system of performing street work, and monopolistic practices of 'corrupt rings and political tricksters.' (24)

	The results of the election were surprising. The Republican and Democratic strategy of portraying themselves and better for the general public failed. The entire Knights of Labor ticket were elected. [[VOELKER, Christian A.\|Christian A. VOELKER]] was elected mayor and John Stafford became the city recorder. (25)		The results of the election were surprising. The Republican and Democratic strategy of portraying themselves and better for the general public failed. The entire Knights of Labor ticket were elected. [[VOELKER, Christian Anton\|Christian Anton VOELKER]] was elected mayor and John Stafford became the city recorder. (25)

	The new council took controversial positions. In May the entire police force was discharged amid charges that it had been used to harass workers. Half of the new force was former officers and the other half all Knights. The subcontracting of labor was street work was abolished and replaced with day labor and the council gave a 40% increase in the daily wage for city work from $1.25 to $1.75 which was higher than wages paid to private sector labor. (26) The council also rejected the offer of the county supervisors to have county jail prisoners to city work. The council responded by claiming the use of such labor depressed wages, offered unfair competition, and was nothing other than involuntary servitude. (27)		The new council took controversial positions. In May the entire police force was discharged amid charges that it had been used to harass workers. Half of the new force was former officers and the other half all Knights. The subcontracting of labor was street work was abolished and replaced with day labor and the council gave a 40% increase in the daily wage for city work from $1.25 to $1.75 which was higher than wages paid to private sector labor. (26) The council also rejected the offer of the county supervisors to have county jail prisoners to city work. The council responded by claiming the use of such labor depressed wages, offered unfair competition, and was nothing other than involuntary servitude. (27)

Randylyon at 20:50, 5 February 2015

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 [[File:powderly.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Terence V. Powderly]]THE NOBLE AND HOLY ORDER OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. The Knights of Labor, a first important national labor organization in the United States was established in 1869. (1) It served as an umbrella organization for other unions that joined it. Founded by Uriah Stevens, the Knights of Labor was originally a secret organization, but Terence Powderly, elected as grand master workman, ended the group's secrecy and removed the word "noble" from its title after assuming control of the organization in 1879. (2) Membership grew quickly, reaching approximately 700,000 members by 1886. (3)
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 Women became nearly 20% of the membership. While six of the seven Dubuque locals were male, Local Assembly No 5914 was entirely women. Founded in March 1886, the group was one of Iowa's first women assemblies. Membership included employees in clothing, candy, bakery, tobacco, boot and shoe, soap, and buggy businesses. (15)
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 . Ibid.

Randylyon at 04:49, 5 February 2015

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	Prior to 1885, trade unions in Dubuque existed among printers, cigarmakers, locomotive firemen and engineers, tailors and bricklayers. Membership varied from twenty to forty. These groups protected their independence, decided work rules and wage scales, avoided politics, and held regular meetings. (11)		Prior to 1885, trade unions in Dubuque existed among printers, cigarmakers, locomotive firemen and engineers, tailors and bricklayers. Membership varied from twenty to forty. These groups protected their independence, decided work rules and wage scales, avoided politics, and held regular meetings. (11)

	In 1885 when the Knights of Labor organized in Dubuque, they found a receptive audience. The Knights secret ritual and ceremony appealed to a distinctly dominate Catholic population of which many were members of the [[KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS]] or the [[ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN(A.O.U.W.)]]. In a society where workers were considered commodities, the Knights advocacy of "producers" was appreciated as well as its welcoming workers regardless of skill level, sex, race or nationality. (12) Led by [[STAFFORD, John\|John STAFFORD]], Master Workman of Local Assembly No. 4192, organizing drives were held which resulted by December 1886, of six more locals joining the national organization. Dual union membership resulted with cigarmakers, printers and stationary engineers joined while keeping their trade union membership. (13)		In 1885 when the Knights of Labor organized in Dubuque, they found a receptive audience. The Knights secret ritual and ceremony appealed to a distinctly dominate Catholic population of which many were members of the [[KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS]] or the [[ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN (A.O.U.W.)]] In a society where workers were considered commodities, the Knights advocacy of "producers" was appreciated as well as its welcoming workers regardless of skill level, sex, race or nationality. (12) Led by [[STAFFORD, John\|John STAFFORD]], Master Workman of Local Assembly No. 4192, organizing drives were held which resulted by December 1886, of six more locals joining the national organization. Dual union membership resulted with cigarmakers, printers and stationary engineers joined while keeping their trade union membership. (13)

	Efforts were made without great success to organize African Americans who were personal servants, cooks and porters. While criticizing wage discrimination based on race, only about six blacks joined the organization with none holding leadership positions. (14)		Efforts were made without great success to organize African Americans who were personal servants, cooks and porters. While criticizing wage discrimination based on race, only about six blacks joined the organization with none holding leadership positions. (14)

Randylyon at 04:49, 5 February 2015

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	Prior to 1885, trade unions in Dubuque existed among printers, cigarmakers, locomotive firemen and engineers, tailors and bricklayers. Membership varied from twenty to forty. These groups protected their independence, decided work rules and wage scales, avoided politics, and held regular meetings. (11)		Prior to 1885, trade unions in Dubuque existed among printers, cigarmakers, locomotive firemen and engineers, tailors and bricklayers. Membership varied from twenty to forty. These groups protected their independence, decided work rules and wage scales, avoided politics, and held regular meetings. (11)

	In 1885 when the Knights of Labor organized in Dubuque, they found a receptive audience. The Knights secret ritual and ceremony appealed to a distinctly dominate Catholic population of which many were members of the [[KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS]] or the [[ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN(A.O.U.W)]]. In a society where workers were considered commodities, the Knights advocacy of "producers" was appreciated as well as its welcoming workers regardless of skill level, sex, race or nationality. (12) Led by [[STAFFORD, John\|John STAFFORD]], Master Workman of Local Assembly No. 4192, organizing drives were held which resulted by December 1886, of six more locals joining the national organization. Dual union membership resulted with cigarmakers, printers and stationary engineers joined while keeping their trade union membership. (13)		In 1885 when the Knights of Labor organized in Dubuque, they found a receptive audience. The Knights secret ritual and ceremony appealed to a distinctly dominate Catholic population of which many were members of the [[KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS]] or the [[ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN(A.O.U.W.)]]. In a society where workers were considered commodities, the Knights advocacy of "producers" was appreciated as well as its welcoming workers regardless of skill level, sex, race or nationality. (12) Led by [[STAFFORD, John\|John STAFFORD]], Master Workman of Local Assembly No. 4192, organizing drives were held which resulted by December 1886, of six more locals joining the national organization. Dual union membership resulted with cigarmakers, printers and stationary engineers joined while keeping their trade union membership. (13)

	Efforts were made without great success to organize African Americans who were personal servants, cooks and porters. While criticizing wage discrimination based on race, only about six blacks joined the organization with none holding leadership positions. (14)		Efforts were made without great success to organize African Americans who were personal servants, cooks and porters. While criticizing wage discrimination based on race, only about six blacks joined the organization with none holding leadership positions. (14)

Randylyon at 04:47, 5 February 2015

2015-02-05T04:47:54Z

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	[[File:powderly.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Terence V. Powderly]]THE NOBLE AND HOLY ORDER OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. The Knights of Labor, a first important national labor organization in the United States was established in 1869. (1) It served as an umbrella organization for other unions that joined it. Founded by Uriah Stevens, the Knights of Labor was originally a secret organization, but Terence Powderly, elected as grand master workman, ended the group's secrecy and removed the word "noble" from its title after assuming control of the organization in 1879. (2) Membership grew quickly, reaching approximately 700,000 members by 1886. (3)		[[File:powderly.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Terence V. Powderly]]THE NOBLE AND HOLY ORDER OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. The Knights of Labor, a first important national labor organization in the United States was established in 1869. (1) It served as an umbrella organization for other unions that joined it. Founded by Uriah Stevens, the Knights of Labor was originally a secret organization, but Terence Powderly, elected as grand master workman, ended the group's secrecy and removed the word "noble" from its title after assuming control of the organization in 1879. (2) Membership grew quickly, reaching approximately 700,000 members by 1886. (3)

	[[File:koc1.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Terence V. Powderly]]The Knights of Labor attempted to unite all "producers," anyone who produced a physical product during a workday. While welcoming factory workers and business owners, the group rejected "social parasites"—people who did not engage in physical labor, such as bankers, lawyers, liquor dealers, stock brokers and professional gamblers. (4) The organization even allowed women and [[AFRICAN AMERICANS]] to join. The producers sought an eight-hour workday, an end to child labor, better wages, and improved working conditions. Under Powderly's leadership, the organization also provided support for the temperance movement. (5) At its peak, membership in the organization exceeded 700,000. (6)		[[File:koc1.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Terence V. Powderly]]
			The Knights of Labor attempted to unite all "producers," anyone who produced a physical product during a workday. While welcoming factory workers and business owners, the group rejected "social parasites"—people who did not engage in physical labor, such as bankers, lawyers, liquor dealers, stock brokers and professional gamblers. (4) The organization even allowed women and [[AFRICAN AMERICANS]] to join. The producers sought an eight-hour workday, an end to child labor, better wages, and improved working conditions. Under Powderly's leadership, the organization also provided support for the temperance movement. (5) At its peak, membership in the organization exceeded 700,000. (6)

	[[File:koc2.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Terence V. Powderly]]The Knights of Labor used boycotts and peaceful negotiations. Powderly generally opposed strikes, believing that they led to bloodshed and increased tensions. Other Knights of Labor leaders preferred utilizing strikes. Following the Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago, Illinois, in 1886, the backlash against unionism and dissatisfaction of many members led to the establishment of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in December 1886. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) focused on winning economic benefits for its members through collective bargaining. As a federation, it represented several national autonomous craft unions. The Knights, on the other hand, represented both craft and unskilled workers in a single national union. (7) The Knights of Labor declined as an effective organization and Powderly resigned as the organization's head in 1893. (8) In addition to raising issues that were later won for organized labor, one of their most lasting contributions of the Knights of Labor was Labor Day, an event they sponsored. (9)		[[File:koc2.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Terence V. Powderly]]
			The Knights of Labor used boycotts and peaceful negotiations. Powderly generally opposed strikes, believing that they led to bloodshed and increased tensions. Other Knights of Labor leaders preferred utilizing strikes. Following the Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago, Illinois, in 1886, the backlash against unionism and dissatisfaction of many members led to the establishment of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in December 1886. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) focused on winning economic benefits for its members through collective bargaining. As a federation, it represented several national autonomous craft unions. The Knights, on the other hand, represented both craft and unskilled workers in a single national union. (7) The Knights of Labor declined as an effective organization and Powderly resigned as the organization's head in 1893. (8) In addition to raising issues that were later won for organized labor, one of their most lasting contributions of the Knights of Labor was Labor Day, an event they sponsored. (9)

	Dubuque was the largest manufacturing city in Iowa during the 1880s. A profile of the city's working-class population in the mid-1880s indicates that a typical worker was employed ten hours daily with wage rates determined by age, job, and sex. Women and children, involved in low-paying factory, retail and service occupations, earned the least. Wages earned by women average one-third to one-half those of men. Boys received less than women and girls made less than boys. Common male occupations included blacksmiths, carpenters, machinists, railway workers, and teamsters. Unskilled male workers earned from $1.00 to $1.50 daily as compared to bricklayers who earned from $3.75 to $4.00. Common laborers rented homes while between one-third and one-half of the tradesmen owned their own homes. (10)		Dubuque was the largest manufacturing city in Iowa during the 1880s. A profile of the city's working-class population in the mid-1880s indicates that a typical worker was employed ten hours daily with wage rates determined by age, job, and sex. Women and children, involved in low-paying factory, retail and service occupations, earned the least. Wages earned by women average one-third to one-half those of men. Boys received less than women and girls made less than boys. Common male occupations included blacksmiths, carpenters, machinists, railway workers, and teamsters. Unskilled male workers earned from $1.00 to $1.50 daily as compared to bricklayers who earned from $3.75 to $4.00. Common laborers rented homes while between one-third and one-half of the tradesmen owned their own homes. (10)