CIVIL WAR - Revision history

Randylyon at 17:07, 1 July 2026

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	Modern embalming got its start during the Civil War. Dr. Thomas Holmes received a commission as a captain in the Army Medical Corps and was assigned to Washington, D.C. where he embalmed over 4,000 soldiers and officers. President Lincoln took a great interest in embalming and directed the Quartermaster Corps to utilize embalming to allow the return of Union dead to their hometowns for proper burial. When he realized the commercial potential of embalming, Holmes resigned his commission and began offering embalming to the public for $100. He also created a fluid that could be used for embalming and sold it to other physicians for $3 per gallon. The chemicals were a mixture of arsenic, zinc and mercuric chlorides, creosote, turpentine and alcohol. After the Civil War, embalming fell into disuse because of lack of demand and few trained to do the procedure. "Undertakers" of the day limited their efforts to ice to ward off decomposition long enough to have a funeral. (73)		Modern embalming got its start during the Civil War. Dr. Thomas Holmes received a commission as a captain in the Army Medical Corps and was assigned to Washington, D.C. where he embalmed over 4,000 soldiers and officers. President Lincoln took a great interest in embalming and directed the Quartermaster Corps to utilize embalming to allow the return of Union dead to their hometowns for proper burial. When he realized the commercial potential of embalming, Holmes resigned his commission and began offering embalming to the public for $100. He also created a fluid that could be used for embalming and sold it to other physicians for $3 per gallon. The chemicals were a mixture of arsenic, zinc and mercuric chlorides, creosote, turpentine and alcohol. After the Civil War, embalming fell into disuse because of lack of demand and few trained to do the procedure. "Undertakers" of the day limited their efforts to ice to ward off decomposition long enough to have a funeral. (73)

	On May 5, 1868 Gen. John A. Logan commander-in-chief of the [[GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC (G.A.R.)]] an order directing that on May 30th the organization, throughout the United States, should decorate the graves of soldiers who died during the war. On that day a squad of cavalry assembled at WASHINGTON PARK at 8:00 a.m. Under the command of Lieut. Col. Pollock, they proceeded to cemeteries at Key West, Center Grove, Rockdale, and on Kelly's Bluff, to cover the graves of soldiers with flowers. Of those who died and were returned to Dubuque for burial, ninety were buried at [[LINWOOD CEMETERY]], four were buried in the German Catholic cemetery, eight were buried in the [[THIRD STREET CEMETERY]], seven were buried at Key West, five at Rockdale, seven at Center Grove and one at Asbury. Five of the graves were unmarked.		On May 5, 1868 Gen. John A. Logan commander-in-chief of the [[GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC (G. A. R.)]] an order directing that on May 30th the organization, throughout the United States, should decorate the graves of soldiers who died during the war. On that day a squad of cavalry assembled at WASHINGTON PARK at 8:00 a.m. Under the command of Lieut. Col. Pollock, they proceeded to cemeteries at Key West, Center Grove, Rockdale, and on Kelly's Bluff, to cover the graves of soldiers with flowers. Of those who died and were returned to Dubuque for burial, ninety were buried at [[LINWOOD CEMETERY]], four were buried in the German Catholic cemetery, eight were buried in the [[THIRD STREET CEMETERY]], seven were buried at Key West, five at Rockdale, seven at Center Grove and one at Asbury. Five of the graves were unmarked.

	At 2:00 p.m., soldiers, citizens and the Germania Band assembled at Washington Park. Horsemen, footmen, and people in carriages all carried bouquets and wreaths of flowers. The order of procession was: First, mounted men; then followed the band; then footmen, and then carriages. The procession as it passed the [[DUBUQUE CITY HALL]] consisted of forty-seven mounted men, seventy-seven men on foot, and thirty-five carriages. A large number of carriages, as well as citizens on foot, preceded the procession to the Linwood. The order of march was: Down Locust street to First; along First to Main; up Main to Eleventh; down Eleventh to Clay; up Clay and Couler avenue to Eagle Point, and then to Linwood. Following a speech and the decoration of the graves with flowers, the groups returned home.		At 2:00 p.m., soldiers, citizens and the Germania Band assembled at Washington Park. Horsemen, footmen, and people in carriages all carried bouquets and wreaths of flowers. The order of procession was: First, mounted men; then followed the band; then footmen, and then carriages. The procession as it passed the [[DUBUQUE CITY HALL]] consisted of forty-seven mounted men, seventy-seven men on foot, and thirty-five carriages. A large number of carriages, as well as citizens on foot, preceded the procession to the Linwood. The order of march was: Down Locust street to First; along First to Main; up Main to Eleventh; down Eleventh to Clay; up Clay and Couler avenue to Eagle Point, and then to Linwood. Following a speech and the decoration of the graves with flowers, the groups returned home.

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	Stigma often left veterans excluded from pensions and other benefits. Housing for soldiers excluded applicants for the use of any intoxicant. Some opiate users slipped through the screening, but if they were later discovered, they might be branded insane and committed to mental asylums. A glaring incident took place after an Indiana veteran named Clinton Smith died of an overdose in 1884. Congress awarded his widow a special pension. President Grover Cleveland, however, vetoed it, condemning Smith as an “intemperate” man. Many fellow veterans and their friends and family members were horrified by the president’s disrespect, but generally public opinion sided with Cleveland. Addiction made Smith the kind of man few could empathize with, even after his death.		Stigma often left veterans excluded from pensions and other benefits. Housing for soldiers excluded applicants for the use of any intoxicant. Some opiate users slipped through the screening, but if they were later discovered, they might be branded insane and committed to mental asylums. A glaring incident took place after an Indiana veteran named Clinton Smith died of an overdose in 1884. Congress awarded his widow a special pension. President Grover Cleveland, however, vetoed it, condemning Smith as an “intemperate” man. Many fellow veterans and their friends and family members were horrified by the president’s disrespect, but generally public opinion sided with Cleveland. Addiction made Smith the kind of man few could empathize with, even after his death.

	The concern about the effects of military service upon the men was far different, ironically, than the feeling prior to the war when military service had been considered a potential cure for problems in Dubuque society. "We are becoming emphatically a nomadic race," an editor at the [[NORTHWESTERN FARMER AND ~~AGROCULOTURAL~~ JOURNAL]] argued in 1860. He concluded that "our social system is breaking up" as a result. "No people can be a wandering, and at the same time a civilized, intelligent and virtuous people."		The concern about the effects of military service upon the men was far different, ironically, than the feeling prior to the war when military service had been considered a potential cure for problems in Dubuque society. "We are becoming emphatically a nomadic race," an editor at the [[NORTHWESTERN FARMER AND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL]] argued in 1860. He concluded that "our social system is breaking up" as a result. "No people can be a wandering, and at the same time a civilized, intelligent and virtuous people."

	A perceived decline in the local work ethic became another area of concern. A female contributor to the Northwestern Farmer wondered when "labor" had come to be "looked upon as degrading." "Where," she lamented, "is the vital energy, the vigor, and strength of mind, that the generation before us possessed? Are not the wan features of the Dyspeptic and the Consumptive a strong evidence that they have departed with the simple and industrious habits of our forefathers?" A contributor to the Times added that "if we mean to prosper again, we must pull off our coats and go to work; dispense with unnecessary help; do away with luxury; closely watch our business; till the earth and explore the mines."		A perceived decline in the local work ethic became another area of concern. A female contributor to the Northwestern Farmer wondered when "labor" had come to be "looked upon as degrading." "Where," she lamented, "is the vital energy, the vigor, and strength of mind, that the generation before us possessed? Are not the wan features of the Dyspeptic and the Consumptive a strong evidence that they have departed with the simple and industrious habits of our forefathers?" A contributor to the Times added that "if we mean to prosper again, we must pull off our coats and go to work; dispense with unnecessary help; do away with luxury; closely watch our business; till the earth and explore the mines."

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	The opposing view during the lead up to and years of civil war was expressed by the [[]]. On July 1-2, 1861, an article ~~in the [[DUBUQUE TIMES]]~~ signed "Patriot" appeared from which the following are extracts: (8)		The opposing view during the lead up to and years of civil war was expressed by the [[DUBUQUE TIMES]]. On July 1-2, 1861, an article signed "Patriot" appeared from which the following are extracts: (8)

	To the Lazy-Abiding Citizens of Dubuque. — It is		To the Lazy-Abiding Citizens of Dubuque. — It is

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	With the firing upon Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers. At the time, the State of Iowa was only twelve years old; the city of Dubuque was thirty. (9) When the final records were checked at the end of the war, it was found that half of the men of military age in Iowa had marched to war. The state never again saw a departure of so many of its young men (as a percent of population) in any military action. In the first days of enlistment, so many young men came forward that four companies rather than just two could have been created. (10) The 21ST Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, formed in Dubuque under the leadership of Colonel John F. Bates, was the first Iowa unit established under Lincoln's call for volunteers on ninety-day service. Later regiments were formed of men volunteering typically for three years.		With the firing upon Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers. At the time, the State of Iowa was only twelve years old; the city of Dubuque was thirty. (9) When the final records were checked at the end of the war, it was found that half of the men of military age in Iowa had marched to war. The state never again saw a departure of so many of its young men (as a percent of population) in any military action. In the first days of enlistment, so many young men came forward that four companies rather than just two could have been created. (10) The 21ST Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, formed in Dubuque under the leadership of Colonel John F. Bates, was the first Iowa unit established under Lincoln's call for volunteers on ninety-day service. Later regiments were formed of men volunteering typically for three years.

	Volunteers, of course, had concerns about their families when they were gone. Some of Dubuque's leading citizens quickly formed the short-lived ~~[[VOLUNTARY FUND BOARD]]~~. (11)		Volunteers, of course, had concerns about their families when they were gone. Some of Dubuque's leading citizens quickly formed the short-lived Voluntrary Fund Board. (11)

	The call-up of volunteers brought tension to Dubuque. A picket was stationed in town to keep the many troops from "committing acts of indiscretion" such as blocking sidewalks or excessive drinking. (12) Iowa Catholics especially in Dubuque were not generally supporters of the war. (13) Bishop [[LORAS, Mathias\|Mathias LORAS]] owned a slave. Other Catholic bishops, while insisting that slave owners treat their slaves in a humanely, seemed to accept the practice as a part of Southern society. Traditionally Democratic, Dubuque Catholics supported Democratic political candidates in 1860. [[QUIGLEY, Patrick J.\|QUIGLEY, Patrick J.]], and [[JONES, George Wallace\|George Wallace JONES]]committed themselves to the Democratic candidate, William Breckenridge. [[MAHONY, Dennis\|Dennis MAHONY]], an influential lay leader in the church, teacher, state legislator, and newspaper editor chose to support Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas. While Lincoln carried the state in the election of 1860, Dubuque and Lee counties voted Democratic. (14)		The call-up of volunteers brought tension to Dubuque. A picket was stationed in town to keep the many troops from "committing acts of indiscretion" such as blocking sidewalks or excessive drinking. (12) Iowa Catholics especially in Dubuque were not generally supporters of the war. (13) Bishop [[LORAS, Mathias\|Mathias LORAS]] owned a slave. Other Catholic bishops, while insisting that slave owners treat their slaves in a humanely, seemed to accept the practice as a part of Southern society. Traditionally Democratic, Dubuque Catholics supported Democratic political candidates in 1860. [[QUIGLEY, Patrick J.\|QUIGLEY, Patrick J.]], and [[JONES, George Wallace\|George Wallace JONES]]committed themselves to the Democratic candidate, William Breckenridge. [[MAHONY, Dennis\|Dennis MAHONY]], an influential lay leader in the church, teacher, state legislator, and newspaper editor chose to support Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas. While Lincoln carried the state in the election of 1860, Dubuque and Lee counties voted Democratic. (14)

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	has ceased to be a virtue."		has ceased to be a virtue."

	With the firing upon Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers. At the time, the State of Iowa was only twelve years old; the city of Dubuque was thirty. (9) When the final records were checked at the end of the war, it was found that half of the men of military age in Iowa had marched to war. The state never again saw a departure of so many of its young men (as a percent of population) in any military action. In the first days of enlistment, so many young men came forward that four companies rather than just two could have been created. (10) The 21ST ~~[[IOWA VOLUNTEER INFANTRY REGIMENT]]~~, formed in Dubuque under the leadership of Colonel John F. Bates, was the first Iowa unit established under Lincoln's call for volunteers on ninety-day service. Later regiments were formed of men volunteering typically for three years.		With the firing upon Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers. At the time, the State of Iowa was only twelve years old; the city of Dubuque was thirty. (9) When the final records were checked at the end of the war, it was found that half of the men of military age in Iowa had marched to war. The state never again saw a departure of so many of its young men (as a percent of population) in any military action. In the first days of enlistment, so many young men came forward that four companies rather than just two could have been created. (10) The 21ST Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, formed in Dubuque under the leadership of Colonel John F. Bates, was the first Iowa unit established under Lincoln's call for volunteers on ninety-day service. Later regiments were formed of men volunteering typically for three years.

	Volunteers, of course, had concerns about their families when they were gone. Some of Dubuque's leading citizens quickly formed the short-lived [[VOLUNTARY FUND BOARD]]. (11)		Volunteers, of course, had concerns about their families when they were gone. Some of Dubuque's leading citizens quickly formed the short-lived [[VOLUNTARY FUND BOARD]]. (11)

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	the Crittenden Compromise propositions. (3)		the Crittenden Compromise propositions. (3)

	This meeting was held at the Dubuque court house. [[LEWIS, Warner\|Warner LEWIS]] was named chairperson and William W. Mills the secretary. A committee of five-- T. M. Monroe, Dr. James C. Lay, Thomas Faherty, James H. Williams and ~~J. Hannibal~~ [[EMERSON, Hannibal\|Hannibal ~~LEWIS~~]]were chosen to write resolutions. While these men met, the secretary read the Crittenden resolutions and the meeting heard a strong Union appeal ~~by [[JENKINS, John D.\|John D. JENKINS]]~~. The resolutions declared that the people were unalterably attached to the Union; that there was no natural conflict between the two sections; and that the Crittenden Compromise or some other practical proposition should be adopted. After debate, the resolutions were unanimously adopted and forwarded to Congress. (4)		This meeting was held at the Dubuque court house. [[LEWIS, Warner\|Warner LEWIS]] was named chairperson and William W. Mills the secretary. A committee of five-- T. M. Monroe, Dr. James C. Lay, Thomas Faherty, James H. Williams and [[EMERSON, J. Hannibal\|J. Hannibal EMERSON]]were chosen to write resolutions. While these men met, the secretary read the Crittenden resolutions and the meeting heard a strong Union appeal. The resolutions declared that the people were unalterably attached to the Union; that there was no natural conflict between the two sections; and that the Crittenden Compromise or some other practical proposition should be adopted. After debate, the resolutions were unanimously adopted and forwarded to Congress. (4)

	The [[[DUBUQUE HERALD]] consistently expressed the view that the country was unnecessarily headed for war.		The [[[DUBUQUE HERALD]] consistently expressed the view that the country was unnecessarily headed for war.

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	[[SONS OF UNION VETERANS OF THE CIVIL WAR]]		[[SONS OF UNION VETERANS OF THE CIVIL WAR]]

	[[DAUGHTERS OF UNION VETERANS OF THE CIVIL WAR]]		[[DAUGHTERS OF UNION VETERANS OF THE CIVIL WAR]]

	~~[[GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC (G. A. R.)]]~~		[[GRAND ORDER OF THE LADIES OF THE GAR]][

	[[GRAND ORDER OF THE LADIES OF THE GAR]]

	During the Civil War, Iowa sent: forty-four Infantry Regiments, four Artillery Batteries, nine Cavalry Regiments and the First Iowa Infantry African Descent, which became the Sixtieth U. S. Colored Infantry. Over 800 Iowans enlisted in the Navy and Marines, stationed along either the [[MISSISSIPPI RIVER]] or the Atlantic Coast.		During the Civil War, Iowa sent: forty-four Infantry Regiments, four Artillery Batteries, nine Cavalry Regiments and the First Iowa Infantry African Descent, which became the Sixtieth U. S. Colored Infantry. Over 800 Iowans enlisted in the Navy and Marines, stationed along either the [[MISSISSIPPI RIVER]] or the Atlantic Coast.
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	81. Killgrove, Kristina, Kentucky Man Finds Over 700 Civil War-Era Coins Buried in his Cornfield Online: Livescience, July 9, 2023		81. Killgrove, Kristina, Kentucky Man Finds Over 700 Civil War-Era Coins Buried in his Cornfield Online: Livescience, July 9, 2023

	~~See: AFRICAN AMERICANS~~

	~~See: DAUGHTERS OF UNION VETERANS OF THE CIVIL WAR~~

	~~See: SONS OF UNION VETERANS OF THE CIVIL WAR~~

	~~See: "THE MYSTERIOUS MEMBER OF THE TWELFTH IOWA VOLUNTEER INFANTRY~~

	[[Category: Military]]		[[Category: Military]]
	[[Category: Censorship]]		[[Category: Censorship]]
	[[Category: Events]]		[[Category: Events]]

Randylyon at 16:51, 1 July 2026

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Randylyon at 16:25, 1 July 2026

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Randylyon at 16:13, 1 July 2026

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	Volunteers, of course, had concerns about their families when they were gone. Some of Dubuque's leading citizens quickly formed the short-lived [[VOLUNTARY FUND BOARD]]. (11)		Volunteers, of course, had concerns about their families when they were gone. Some of Dubuque's leading citizens quickly formed the short-lived [[VOLUNTARY FUND BOARD]]. (11)

	The call-up of volunteers brought tension to Dubuque. A picket was stationed in town to keep the many troops from "committing acts of indiscretion" such as blocking sidewalks or excessive drinking. (12) Iowa Catholics especially in Dubuque were not generally supporters of the war. (13) Bishop [[LORAS, Mathias\|Mathias LORAS]] owned a slave. Other Catholic bishops, while insisting that slave owners treat their slaves in a humanely, seemed to accept the practice as a part of Southern society. Traditionally Democratic, Dubuque Catholics supported Democratic political candidates in 1860. [[QUIGLEY, Patrick J.\|QUIGLEY, Patrick J.]], and [[JONES, George Wallace\|George Wallace JONES]]committed themselves to the Democratic candidate, William Breckenridge. [[~~MAHONEY~~, Dennis\|Dennis ~~MAHONEY~~]], an influential lay leader in the church, teacher, state legislator, and newspaper editor chose to support Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas. While Lincoln carried the state in the election of 1860, Dubuque and Lee counties voted Democratic. (14)		The call-up of volunteers brought tension to Dubuque. A picket was stationed in town to keep the many troops from "committing acts of indiscretion" such as blocking sidewalks or excessive drinking. (12) Iowa Catholics especially in Dubuque were not generally supporters of the war. (13) Bishop [[LORAS, Mathias\|Mathias LORAS]] owned a slave. Other Catholic bishops, while insisting that slave owners treat their slaves in a humanely, seemed to accept the practice as a part of Southern society. Traditionally Democratic, Dubuque Catholics supported Democratic political candidates in 1860. [[QUIGLEY, Patrick J.\|QUIGLEY, Patrick J.]], and [[JONES, George Wallace\|George Wallace JONES]]committed themselves to the Democratic candidate, William Breckenridge. [[MAHONY, Dennis\|Dennis MAHONY]], an influential lay leader in the church, teacher, state legislator, and newspaper editor chose to support Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas. While Lincoln carried the state in the election of 1860, Dubuque and Lee counties voted Democratic. (14)

	Iowa Catholics also had reservations about the new Republican Party. Formed just before the election of 1860, this political group included anti-Catholics such as the former Know-Nothings. The [[DUBUQUE OBSERVER]] came into existence in 1854 with a definite hostility to the Irish and foreign born and a suspicious attitude toward Catholics. A belief at the time was that a Catholic conspiracy existed which was attempting to bring down the Republic and the Constitution. (15)		Iowa Catholics also had reservations about the new Republican Party. Formed just before the election of 1860, this political group included anti-Catholics such as the former Know-Nothings. The [[DUBUQUE OBSERVER]] came into existence in 1854 with a definite hostility to the Irish and foreign born and a suspicious attitude toward Catholics. A belief at the time was that a Catholic conspiracy existed which was attempting to bring down the Republic and the Constitution. (15)
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	Supplying weapons for the troops proved difficult. Captain R. G. Herron returned from Springfield, Illinois on May 4, 1861. He had been sent by Governor Kirkwood to requisition 5,000 "stands" of arms. Herron found nothing but old flintlocks which had been refitted into percussion arms. There were bayonets but no scabbards. He refused all of the equipment. Most of the arms in government arsenals (including the 159,000 muskets seized by Confederate states) were smooth bore, many of them antique flintlocks. War correspondent, Franc Wilkie claimed the guns posed a bigger threat to "friend than enemy."		Supplying weapons for the troops proved difficult. Captain R. G. Herron returned from Springfield, Illinois on May 4, 1861. He had been sent by Governor Kirkwood to requisition 5,000 "stands" of arms. Herron found nothing but old flintlocks which had been refitted into percussion arms. There were bayonets but no scabbards. He refused all of the equipment. Most of the arms in government arsenals (including the 159,000 muskets seized by Confederate states) were smooth bore, many of them antique flintlocks. War correspondent, Franc Wilkie claimed the guns posed a bigger threat to "friend than enemy."



	[[Image:CW17.png\|left\|thumb\|250px\|A Simplot sketch as it was received by an engraver at Harper's Weekly. Photo courtesy: Telegraph Herald]]		[[Image:CW17.png\|left\|thumb\|250px\|A Simplot sketch as it was received by an engraver at Harper's Weekly. Photo courtesy: Telegraph Herald]]
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	Dennis MAHONY, editor of the ''Dubuque Herald'', wrote to Governor Kirkwood and offered to recruit and lead an Irish regiment. His offer was not accepted. Other efforts by Democrats to join in the war effort were also rejected, an action that has led some historians to suspect the Republican Party of attempts to gain a partisan victory from the war with political and economic benefits. The conflict over the Civil War was carried out locally through the NEWSPAPERS. The editor of the Dubuque Times, a staunchly Republican publication, even suggested that if Democrats really wanted to cooperate in the war effort they would join the Republican Party.		Dennis MAHONY, editor of the ''Dubuque Herald'', wrote to Governor Kirkwood and offered to recruit and lead an Irish regiment. His offer was not accepted. Other efforts by Democrats to join in the war effort were also rejected, an action that has led some historians to suspect the Republican Party of attempts to gain a partisan victory from the war with political and economic benefits. The conflict over the Civil War was carried out locally through the NEWSPAPERS. The editor of the Dubuque Times, a staunchly Republican publication, even suggested that if Democrats really wanted to cooperate in the war effort they would join the Republican Party.

	Most Northern Democrats did support the war effort, earning the title "War Democrats." Other Democrats came to oppose the war and earned for themselves the term "Peace Democrats" or more commonly "Copperheads." (46) Dubuque also had its southern sympathizers. Senator George Wallace ~~JONES~~, a life-long friend of Confederate President Jefferson DAVIS and United States ambassador to Columbia, was arrested upon his return to the United States in part because of indiscreet letters he had written Davis prior to the Civil War. His political fortunes ended, Jones raised an uproar by going south to visit Davis after the war and returned in 1899 to attend the funeral of his friend.		Most Northern Democrats did support the war effort, earning the title "War Democrats." Other Democrats came to oppose the war and earned for themselves the term "Peace Democrats" or more commonly "Copperheads." (46) Dubuque also had its southern sympathizers. Senator George Wallace Jones, a life-long friend of Confederate President Jefferson DAVIS and United States ambassador to Columbia, was arrested upon his return to the United States in part because of indiscreet letters he had written Davis prior to the Civil War. His political fortunes ended, Jones raised an uproar by going south to visit Davis after the war and returned in 1899 to attend the funeral of his friend.

	Anti-Catholic and anti-foreign attitudes expressed by those who were also anti-slavery angered many Dubuque residents. Republican leaders including President Abraham Lincoln believed that many influential Dubuque citizens were pro-slavery. Dubuque was rumored to be a headquarters of the KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE. There was widespread suppression of the press, along with arrests, censorship, and suspension of habeas corpus. It has been said Jones was jailed as much as a warning to powerful Dubuque residents as for his letters to Davis. Mahony, a bitter opponent to the war, was arrested on August 13, 1862, at his home and jailed in the Washington, D.C. prison without habeas corpus until after the elections in November 1862.		Anti-Catholic and anti-foreign attitudes expressed by those who were also anti-slavery angered many Dubuque residents. Republican leaders including President Abraham Lincoln believed that many influential Dubuque citizens were pro-slavery. Dubuque was rumored to be a headquarters of the KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE. There was widespread suppression of the press, along with arrests, censorship, and suspension of habeas corpus. It has been said Jones was jailed as much as a warning to powerful Dubuque residents as for his letters to Davis. Mahony, a bitter opponent to the war, was arrested on August 13, 1862, at his home and jailed in the Washington, D.C. prison without habeas corpus until after the elections in November 1862.
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	Nearly every company of soldiers stopped in front of the offices of the "Dubuque Times" to give three cheers for the newspaper's support of the war. Dubuque's principal newspapers bitterly attacked each other's point of view. Accusations made by the Dubuque Times against the Dubuque Herald led Dennis Mahony to charge the paper with libel. The Herald further incited the Times by printing editorials that urged peace and condemned the Lincoln Administration. A riot caused by rumors of a plot to destroy the Herald office was prevented by law enforcement officials and the efforts of Mayor Henry L. STOUT.		Nearly every company of soldiers stopped in front of the offices of the "Dubuque Times" to give three cheers for the newspaper's support of the war. Dubuque's principal newspapers bitterly attacked each other's point of view. Accusations made by the Dubuque Times against the Dubuque Herald led Dennis Mahony to charge the paper with libel. The Herald further incited the Times by printing editorials that urged peace and condemned the Lincoln Administration. A riot caused by rumors of a plot to destroy the Herald office was prevented by law enforcement officials and the efforts of Mayor Henry L. STOUT.

	Dubuque was selected as a rendezvous for regiments raised by a new call from the War Department. The first training center was CAMP UNION. Located near the Mississippi River and current day Rhomberg Avenue, it opened in August, 1861 and served as a recruiting center. Within a month there were 600 volunteers at the camp under the military discipline of Col. William Boyd ALLISON. There were ten barracks, outdoor cooking and eating, water and bathing facilities, and ample food. Col. Julius K. GRAVES served as quartermaster at the camp and gave out rations and blankets. ) Recruiting offices flew flags from nearly every block in the city.		Dubuque was selected as a rendezvous for regiments raised by a new call from the War Department. The first training center was [[CAMP UNION]]. Located near the Mississippi River and current day Rhomberg Avenue, it opened in August, 1861 and served as a recruiting center. Within a month there were 600 volunteers at the camp under the military discipline of Col. William Boyd ALLISON. There were ten barracks, outdoor cooking and eating, water and bathing facilities, and ample food. Col. Julius K. GRAVES served as quartermaster at the camp and gave out rations and blankets. ) Recruiting offices flew flags from nearly every block in the city.

	Since Dubuque had such an anti-Lincoln reputation, the idea of it being the headquarters for a training center called Camp Union made little sense. The camp reopened in July 1861 as CAMP FRANKLIN and housed the ~~IOWA 21ST VOLUNTARY INFANTRY~~, ~~IOWA 27TH INFANTRY REGIMENT~~, ~~IOWA 32ND REGIMENT~~, and ~~IOWA 38TH INFANTRY REGIMENT~~. All 120 men of the 21st regiment were residents of Dubuque; Captain Swivel was their leader.		Since Dubuque had such an anti-Lincoln reputation, the idea of it being the headquarters for a training center called Camp Union made little sense. The camp reopened in July 1861 as [[CAMP FRANKLIN]] and housed the Iowa 21st Voluntary Infantry, I, Iowa 27th Infantry Regiment, Iowa 32nd Regiment, and Iowa 38th Infantry Regiment. All 120 men of the 21st regiment were residents of Dubuque; Captain Swivel was their leader.

	The barracks for the volunteers were constructed 60 feet by 20 feet to house one hundred men. More than six hundred were quartered two weeks after the camp was built. Soldiers were advised to take their own blankets or quilts because the camp had none. Apparently this advice was not followed because "Captains Welsh and Rogers went door to door in Dubuque asking for blankets" with the promise that they would be returned when they were no longer needed.		The barracks for the volunteers were constructed 60 feet by 20 feet to house one hundred men. More than six hundred were quartered two weeks after the camp was built. Soldiers were advised to take their own blankets or quilts because the camp had none. Apparently this advice was not followed because "Captains Welsh and Rogers went door to door in Dubuque asking for blankets" with the promise that they would be returned when they were no longer needed.

	Julius K. Graves built a hospital on the bluffs to treat the wounded and sick. Outbreaks of typhoid, measles and other diseases, however, occurred during the fall of 1862, causing 11 deaths and over 200 sick men. Sick soldiers were cared for by the Soldiers Aid Society and the Dubuque Women's Society. The hospital initially run by the SISTERS OF CHARITY OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (BVM) was later torn down and replaced with COLUMBIA ACADEMY.		Julius K. Graves built a hospital on the bluffs to treat the wounded and sick. Outbreaks of typhoid, measles and other diseases, however, occurred during the fall of 1862, causing 11 deaths and over 200 sick men. Sick soldiers were cared for by the Soldiers Aid Society and the Dubuque Women's Society. The hospital initially run by the [[SISTERS OF CHARITY OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (BVM)]] was later torn down and replaced with [[COLUMBIA ACADEMY]].

	The Civil War exposed great needs in medicine. On the positive side, by the 1860s many 18th-century medical theories, like humoral theory which proposed that illness was caused by the imbalance of humors (blood, yellow bile, black pile and phlegm) had been disproved. Chloroform, introduced as an anesthetic in 1846, was widely used when operating on soldiers to reduce pain during surgery. According to Union medical records over 80,000 surgical procedures took place over the course of the war with fewer than 300 done without the use of anesthesia. Despite this, serious studies of anatomy, bacteriology, and epidemiology were years in the future. While physicians had to attend medical school, in some cases this could be completed through book learning without a practicum and observations. This resulted in both Confederation and Union armies being staffed with medical personnel lacking on-the-job experience. (47)		The Civil War exposed great needs in medicine. On the positive side, by the 1860s many 18th-century medical theories, like humoral theory which proposed that illness was caused by the imbalance of humors (blood, yellow bile, black pile and phlegm) had been disproved. Chloroform, introduced as an anesthetic in 1846, was widely used when operating on soldiers to reduce pain during surgery. According to Union medical records over 80,000 surgical procedures took place over the course of the war with fewer than 300 done without the use of anesthesia. Despite this, serious studies of anatomy, bacteriology, and epidemiology were years in the future. While physicians had to attend medical school, in some cases this could be completed through book learning without a practicum and observations. This resulted in both Confederation and Union armies being staffed with medical personnel lacking on-the-job experience. (47)
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	[[Image:CW22.png\|left\|thumb\|250px\|Image courtesy: ''Telegraph Herald'']]Interest in the war led to pages of reports in the local newspapers. One of the more unique informative displays of the news was Chesley's "Panorama of the War." The painted canvas was slowly unrolled to display events in chronological order. As the display moved about the nation, scenes were added of recent events. Between performances in Dubuque, the audience was entertained by the Germania Band. (61)		[[Image:CW22.png\|left\|thumb\|250px\|Image courtesy: ''Telegraph Herald'']]Interest in the war led to pages of reports in the local newspapers. One of the more unique informative displays of the news was Chesley's "Panorama of the War." The painted canvas was slowly unrolled to display events in chronological order. As the display moved about the nation, scenes were added of recent events. Between performances in Dubuque, the audience was entertained by the Germania Band. (61)

	Iowa was the only state to organize a group of older men for service; the GREYBEARD REGIMENT included several Dubuque residents.		Iowa was the only state to organize a group of older men for service; the [[GREYBEARD REGIMENT]] included several Dubuque residents.

	[[Image:CW21.png\|left\|thumb\|250px\|Soldiers from Dubuque were also active in the final campaigns of the war. They saw action along the Rio Grande, in Mississippi, Georgia and Tennessee.]]		[[Image:CW21.png\|left\|thumb\|250px\|Soldiers from Dubuque were also active in the final campaigns of the war. They saw action along the Rio Grande, in Mississippi, Georgia and Tennessee.]]