https://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=AFRICAN_AMERICANSAFRICAN AMERICANS - Revision history2026-04-22T07:57:30ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.1https://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=186386&oldid=prevRandylyon at 19:50, 25 February 20262026-02-25T19:50:20Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1956 the CIO and ISFL merged with the American Federation of Labor. In their first decade of merger, the organization passed many resolutions dealing with human rights, racial discrimination, and immigrant laborers' legal rights. The organization's actions on racial equality and protection of human rights lagged from 1968 to 1994 when issues of unemployment, plant closings, and low wages took more attention. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1956 the CIO and ISFL merged with the American Federation of Labor. In their first decade of merger, the organization passed many resolutions dealing with human rights, racial discrimination, and immigrant laborers' legal rights. The organization's actions on racial equality and protection of human rights lagged from 1968 to 1994 when issues of unemployment, plant closings, and low wages took more attention. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Only a few black families lived in Dubuque during the 1940s and 1950s. Active recruitment of blacks by major industries in Dubuque did not occur until the mid-1970s. Among major employers moving to Dubuque was the [[JOHN DEERE DUBUQUE WORKS]] which came to the city in 1946. When a cluster of small brick homes known as "John Deere houses" was constructed on the far west side of Dubuque in the [[HILLCREST HOUSING DEVELOPMENT]], these carried the not-unusual-for-their-time restrictive covenants in their abstracts that the premises would not be sold to blacks. Research by Dubuque's Black Heritage Survey, led by Christine Happ Olson, found in 2022 that these clauses were implemented between 1934 and 1946. (93) Nonetheless, Deere and Company did attract black employment. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Only a few black families lived in Dubuque during the 1940s and 1950s. Active recruitment of blacks by major industries in Dubuque did not occur until the mid-1970s. Among major employers moving to Dubuque was the [[JOHN DEERE DUBUQUE WORKS]] which came to the city in 1946. When a cluster of small brick homes known as "John Deere houses" was constructed on the far west side of Dubuque in the [[HILLCREST HOUSING DEVELOPMENT]], these carried the not-unusual-for-their-time restrictive covenants in their abstracts that the premises would not be sold to blacks. Research by Dubuque's Black Heritage Survey, led by <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[OLSON, Chrtistine Happ|</ins>Christine Happ Olson<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, found in 2022 that these clauses were implemented between 1934 and 1946. (93) Nonetheless, Deere and Company did attract black employment. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Efforts to encourage [[INTEGRATION]] and racial understanding were tried in the 1960s. In 1961 [[OPERATION FRIENDSHIP]] was begun. In 1962 ten white students from the [[UNIVERSITY OF DUBUQUE]] exchanged places for a week with ten black students of Johnson C. Smith College in Charlotte, North Carolina. They were accompanied by Dr. John Knox Coit of the University of Dubuque, a professor of philosophy, who traded places with a professor from the southern college. (94)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Efforts to encourage [[INTEGRATION]] and racial understanding were tried in the 1960s. In 1961 [[OPERATION FRIENDSHIP]] was begun. In 1962 ten white students from the [[UNIVERSITY OF DUBUQUE]] exchanged places for a week with ten black students of Johnson C. Smith College in Charlotte, North Carolina. They were accompanied by Dr. John Knox Coit of the University of Dubuque, a professor of philosophy, who traded places with a professor from the southern college. (94)</div></td></tr>
</table>Randylyonhttps://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=186097&oldid=prevMmay at 16:56, 21 January 20262026-01-21T16:56:57Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''SEE CATEGORY: AFRICAN AMERICAN'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''SEE CATEGORY: AFRICAN AMERICAN'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AFRICAN AMERICANS. In a study of Iowa's history prior to the [[CIVIL WAR]], Dubuque was the only city in the state with a sizable black community. In 1840 seventy-two African Americans lived in Dubuque giving the city Iowa's largest black population. (1) Sixteen “slaves,” were enumerated, all living in the area of Dubuque. (2) Early mayors including [[O'FERRALL, F. K.|F. K. O'FERRALL]] and [[LORIMIER, Peter|Peter LORIMIER]], land receiver [[MCKNIGHT, Thomas|Thomas MCKNIGHT]] and Iowa U. S. Senator [[JONES, George Wallace|George Wallace JONES]] were all slave owners. (3) Senators Jones owned the most slaves, three, and even more while living in Sinsinawa Mound, Wisconsin Territory. (4) By 1850, however, while Dubuque's white population had increased ten-times, the population of blacks had fallen to 29. This decline can be attributed to two factors: 1) a general decline in [[LEAD MINING]] and related activities needing manual and day laborers and 2) a lynching in 1840. (5) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As late as 2025 no </del>evidence <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">had been found </del>that Dubuque played <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">any </del>role in the [[UNDERGROUND RAILROAD]] prior to the [[CIVIL WAR]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AFRICAN AMERICANS. In a study of Iowa's history prior to the [[CIVIL WAR]], Dubuque was the only city in the state with a sizable black community. In 1840 seventy-two African Americans lived in Dubuque giving the city Iowa's largest black population. (1) Sixteen “slaves,” were enumerated, all living in the area of Dubuque. (2) Early mayors including [[O'FERRALL, F. K.|F. K. O'FERRALL]] and [[LORIMIER, Peter|Peter LORIMIER]], land receiver [[MCKNIGHT, Thomas|Thomas MCKNIGHT]] and Iowa U. S. Senator [[JONES, George Wallace|George Wallace JONES]] were all slave owners. (3) Senators Jones owned the most slaves, three, and even more while living in Sinsinawa Mound, Wisconsin Territory. (4) By 1850, however, while Dubuque's white population had increased ten-times, the population of blacks had fallen to 29. This decline can be attributed to two factors: 1) a general decline in [[LEAD MINING]] and related activities needing manual and day laborers and 2) a lynching in 1840. (5) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Some </ins>evidence <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">suggests </ins>that Dubuque played <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </ins>role in the [[UNDERGROUND RAILROAD]] prior to the [[CIVIL WAR]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dubuque's early economy was dominated by [[MINING]] and commercial capitalism; in the absence of manufacturing industries, most of the working class population was involved in manual labor. (6) Most German workers were skilled artisans. The Irish were generally unskilled workers. In Europe, the British ruled the Irish under codes known as "Penal Laws" that resulted in oppression and exclusion. When they arrived in America, the Irish were thrown together with blacks in low income jobs by society on the east coast. The resulting socialization led to mulattoes either referred to as "(word omitted) turned inside out" or "smoked Irish." (7) Carrying these bitter memories westward, Irish saw blacks as competitors for jobs. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dubuque's early economy was dominated by [[MINING]] and commercial capitalism; in the absence of manufacturing industries, most of the working class population was involved in manual labor. (6) Most German workers were skilled artisans. The Irish were generally unskilled workers. In Europe, the British ruled the Irish under codes known as "Penal Laws" that resulted in oppression and exclusion. When they arrived in America, the Irish were thrown together with blacks in low income jobs by society on the east coast. The resulting socialization led to mulattoes either referred to as "(word omitted) turned inside out" or "smoked Irish." (7) Carrying these bitter memories westward, Irish saw blacks as competitors for jobs. </div></td></tr>
</table>Mmayhttps://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=183698&oldid=prevRandylyon at 03:17, 30 January 20252025-01-30T03:17:16Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:17, 30 January 2025</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''SEE CATEGORY: AFRICAN AMERICAN'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''SEE CATEGORY: AFRICAN AMERICAN'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AFRICAN AMERICANS. In a study of Iowa's history prior to the [[CIVIL WAR]], Dubuque was the only city in the state with a sizable black community. In 1840 seventy-two African Americans lived in Dubuque giving the city Iowa's largest black population. (1) Sixteen “slaves,” were enumerated, all living in the area of Dubuque. (2) Early mayors including [[O'FERRALL, F. K.|F. K. O'FERRALL]] and [[LORIMIER, Peter|Peter LORIMIER]], land receiver [[MCKNIGHT, Thomas|Thomas MCKNIGHT]] and Iowa U. S. Senator [[JONES, George Wallace|George Wallace JONES]] were all slave owners. (3) Senators Jones owned the most slaves, three, and even more while living in Sinsinawa Mound, Wisconsin Territory. (4) By 1850, however, while Dubuque's white population had increased ten-times, the population of blacks had fallen to 29. This decline can be attributed to two factors: 1) a general decline in [[LEAD MINING]] and related activities needing manual and day laborers and 2) a lynching in 1840. (5)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>AFRICAN AMERICANS. In a study of Iowa's history prior to the [[CIVIL WAR]], Dubuque was the only city in the state with a sizable black community. In 1840 seventy-two African Americans lived in Dubuque giving the city Iowa's largest black population. (1) Sixteen “slaves,” were enumerated, all living in the area of Dubuque. (2) Early mayors including [[O'FERRALL, F. K.|F. K. O'FERRALL]] and [[LORIMIER, Peter|Peter LORIMIER]], land receiver [[MCKNIGHT, Thomas|Thomas MCKNIGHT]] and Iowa U. S. Senator [[JONES, George Wallace|George Wallace JONES]] were all slave owners. (3) Senators Jones owned the most slaves, three, and even more while living in Sinsinawa Mound, Wisconsin Territory. (4) By 1850, however, while Dubuque's white population had increased ten-times, the population of blacks had fallen to 29. This decline can be attributed to two factors: 1) a general decline in [[LEAD MINING]] and related activities needing manual and day laborers and 2) a lynching in 1840. (5) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As late as 2025 no evidence had been found that Dubuque played any role in the [[UNDERGROUND RAILROAD]] prior to the [[CIVIL WAR]].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dubuque's early economy was dominated by [[MINING]] and commercial capitalism; in the absence of manufacturing industries, most of the working class population was involved in manual labor. (6) Most German workers were skilled artisans. The Irish were generally unskilled workers. In Europe, the British ruled the Irish under codes known as "Penal Laws" that resulted in oppression and exclusion. When they arrived in America, the Irish were thrown together with blacks in low income jobs by society on the east coast. The resulting socialization led to mulattoes either referred to as "(word omitted) turned inside out" or "smoked Irish." (7) Carrying these bitter memories westward, Irish saw blacks as competitors for jobs. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dubuque's early economy was dominated by [[MINING]] and commercial capitalism; in the absence of manufacturing industries, most of the working class population was involved in manual labor. (6) Most German workers were skilled artisans. The Irish were generally unskilled workers. In Europe, the British ruled the Irish under codes known as "Penal Laws" that resulted in oppression and exclusion. When they arrived in America, the Irish were thrown together with blacks in low income jobs by society on the east coast. The resulting socialization led to mulattoes either referred to as "(word omitted) turned inside out" or "smoked Irish." (7) Carrying these bitter memories westward, Irish saw blacks as competitors for jobs. </div></td></tr>
</table>Randylyonhttps://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=181818&oldid=prevRandylyon at 02:51, 13 July 20242024-07-13T02:51:52Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:51, 13 July 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> few stopped at Dubuque. (16)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> few stopped at Dubuque. (16)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following editorial appeared first in the ''LaCrosse Democrat'' but was reprinted in the ''Dubuque Herald''on March 16, 1862. [Note: An inflammatory word has been removed so that the editorial can appear here].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following editorial appeared first in the ''LaCrosse Democrat'' but was reprinted in the ''Dubuque Herald'' on March 16, 1862. [Note: An inflammatory word has been removed so that the editorial can appear here].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> All for the (XXX)- We have figured out the cost of </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> All for the (XXX)- We have figured out the cost of </div></td></tr>
</table>Randylyonhttps://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=181316&oldid=prevRandylyon at 18:48, 12 May 20242024-05-12T18:48:30Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:48, 12 May 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See: [[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See: [[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See: Finding Dubuque: Uncovering Dubuque's Black Heritage. Online: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d70a04b134e844569c84df77a6d20882</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
</table>Randylyonhttps://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=174747&oldid=prevRandylyon at 22:31, 18 July 20222022-07-18T22:31:16Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:31, 18 July 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l616">Line 616:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 616:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See: [[RACIAL PROFILING]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See: [[RACIAL PROFILING]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>[[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See: </ins>[[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
</table>Randylyonhttps://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=174746&oldid=prevRandylyon at 22:30, 18 July 20222022-07-18T22:30:20Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:30, 18 July 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l372">Line 372:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> it required all the force in the courthouse to quell the riot. (69)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> it required all the force in the courthouse to quell the riot. (69)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Newspaper articles of events arranged by the "colored citizens of Dubuque" appeared occasionally. On August 1, 1890 a "grand barbecue and emancipation celebration" was held in Glab's Grove. Rev. Christopher Hunt of Missouri was the orator and music was furnished by the [[DUBUQUE <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CORONET </del>BAND]]. (70) The August 2, 1890 ''Herald'' reported that the event was well attended with "white people there in abundance." (71) The newspaper also reported that Charles Curtis of the [[COLORED ANTI-PROHIBITION LEAGUE]] was able to organize a local branch of the state organization with twenty-five charter members. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Newspaper articles of events arranged by the "colored citizens of Dubuque" appeared occasionally. On August 1, 1890 a "grand barbecue and emancipation celebration" was held in Glab's Grove. Rev. Christopher Hunt of Missouri was the orator and music was furnished by the [[DUBUQUE <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CORNET </ins>BAND]]. (70) The August 2, 1890 ''Herald'' reported that the event was well attended with "white people there in abundance." (71) The newspaper also reported that Charles Curtis of the [[COLORED ANTI-PROHIBITION LEAGUE]] was able to organize a local branch of the state organization with twenty-five charter members. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dubuque hosted the state meeting of the Colored Anti-Prohibition State League on September 15, 1890 at the [[SAENGERBUND AUDITORIUM]]. It was expected that seventy-five delegates would attend. Following the report of committees and other business, a grand banquet and ball was scheduled. The League was organized in 1882 with fifteen charter members. By 1890 the organization had grown to 865 members with nine local organizations in congressional districts. (72) </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dubuque hosted the state meeting of the Colored Anti-Prohibition State League on September 15, 1890 at the [[SAENGERBUND AUDITORIUM]]. It was expected that seventy-five delegates would attend. Following the report of committees and other business, a grand banquet and ball was scheduled. The League was organized in 1882 with fifteen charter members. By 1890 the organization had grown to 865 members with nine local organizations in congressional districts. (72) </div></td></tr>
</table>Randylyonhttps://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=174741&oldid=prevRandylyon at 22:22, 18 July 20222022-07-18T22:22:05Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:22, 18 July 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l612">Line 612:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[COMISKEY PARK]] was the scene on June 18th, 2022 of the twelfth annual Juneteenth event. The nationwide observance commemorated the freedom of formerly enslaved black people in the United States and recognized the date in 1865 when African Americans in Galveston, Texas were told they were free...two years after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed. More than two hundred attended the festivity which offered lawn games and community booths. (140)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[COMISKEY PARK]] was the scene on June 18th, 2022 of the twelfth annual Juneteenth event. The nationwide observance commemorated the freedom of formerly enslaved black people in the United States and recognized the date in 1865 when African Americans in Galveston, Texas were told they were free...two years after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed. More than two hundred attended the festivity which offered lawn games and community booths. (140)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See: [[INTEGRATION]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''SEE CATEGORY: AFRICAN AMERICAN'''</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See: [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">RACIAL PROFILING</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See: [[INTEGRATION]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See: [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Racial Profiling</del>]]</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> [[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> [[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Randylyonhttps://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=174733&oldid=prevRandylyon at 00:23, 18 July 20222022-07-18T00:23:49Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:23, 18 July 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l615">Line 615:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''SEE CATEGORY: AFRICAN AMERICAN'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''SEE CATEGORY: AFRICAN AMERICAN'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See: [[INTEGRATION]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See: [[INTEGRATION]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See: [[Racial Profiling]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> [[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> [[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Randylyonhttps://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=174673&oldid=prevRandylyon at 19:24, 8 July 20222022-07-08T19:24:01Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=AFRICAN_AMERICANS&diff=174673&oldid=174599">Show changes</a>Randylyon