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Encyclopedia Dubuque

www.encyclopediadubuque.org

"Encyclopedia Dubuque is the online authority for all things Dubuque, written by the people who know the city best.”
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Affiliated with the Local History Network of the State Historical Society of Iowa, and the Iowa Museum Association.




WORLD WAR I: Difference between revisions

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[[Image:imp767.jpg|left|thumb|350px|On February 23, 1918 these were the first Dubuquers to be drafted and sent to fight in Europe. This photo was taken on the steps of the City Hall.  Photo courtesy: Bob Reding and the Center for Dubuque History, Loras College]]WORLD WAR I. Also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the "War to End All Wars," World War I was a global conflict which took place primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918. More than 40 million casualties resulted, including approximately 20 million military and civilian deaths. Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilized from 1914 to 1918.
[[Image:imp767.jpg|left|thumb|350px|On February 23, 1918 these were the first Dubuquers to be drafted and sent to fight in Europe. This photo was taken on the steps of the City Hall.  Photo courtesy: Bob Reding and the Center for Dubuque History, Loras College]]WORLD WAR I. Also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the "War to End All Wars," World War I was a global conflict which took place primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918. More than 40 million casualties resulted, including approximately 20 million military and civilian deaths. Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilized from 1914 to 1918.


The event considered to have triggered war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary. The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against the Kingdom of Serbia activated alliances that set off a series of war declarations. Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare.
The event considered to have triggered the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary. The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against the Kingdom of Serbia activated alliances that set off a series of war declarations. Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare.


The causes of the war date back to the unification of Germany and the changing balances of power among the European Great Powers in the early 20th century. These causes included French resentment over the loss of territory to Germany in the 19th century; the economic and military competition between Britain and Germany; and the German desire for equality with the other countries of Europe.
The causes of the war date back to the unification of Germany and the changing balances of power among the European Great Powers in the early 20th century. These causes included French resentment over the loss of territory to Germany in the 19th century, the economic and military competition between Britain and Germany, and the German desire for equality with the other countries of Europe.


[[Image:imp075.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Children of Dubuque subscribers to the ''New York Times'' could cut out "action figures" printed in the newspaper, glue them to cardboard, and conduct their own "battles" in the living room. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]The war was fought between two major alliances. The Entente Powers consisted of France, the United Kingdom, Russia, and their associated empires and dependencies.  Other states joined these allies including Japan in August 1914, Italy in April 1915, and the United States in April 1917. The Central Powers, named because of their central location on the European continent, consisted of Germany and Austria-Hungary and their associated empires. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October 1914, followed a year later by Bulgaria. By the conclusion of the war, only The Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, the Scandinavian nations, and Monaco remained officially neutral among the European countries.
[[Image:imp075.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Children of Dubuque subscribers to the ''New York Times'' could cut out "action figures" printed in the newspaper, glue them to cardboard, and conduct their own "battles" in the living room. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]The war was fought between two major alliances. The Triple Entente Powers consisted of France, the United Kingdom, Russia, and their associated empires and dependencies.  Other states joined these allies including Japan in August 1914, Italy in April 1915, and the United States in April 1917. The Central Powers, named because of their central location on the European continent, consisted of Germany and Austria-Hungary and their associated empires. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October 1914, followed a year later by Bulgaria. By the conclusion of the war, only The Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, the Scandinavian nations, and Monaco remained officially neutral among the European countries.


[[Image:imp067.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The Army Y.M.C.A. provided American soldiers with a play to buy items they needed and write letters home. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:imp067.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The Army Y.M.C.A. provided American soldiers with a play to buy items they needed and write letters home. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:Scan 10.jpeg|left|thumb|250px|World War I military uniform worn by Frank Kaiser. Photo courtesy: Jim Lang]]
[[Image:Scan 10.jpeg|left|thumb|250px|World War I military uniform worn by Frank Kaiser. Photo courtesy: Jim Lang]]
The fighting of the war mostly took place on the European continent. The Western Front was marked by a system of trenches, breastworks, and fortifications separated by an area known as no man's land. These fortifications stretched 475 miles and led to a style of fighting known as "trench warfare." On the Eastern Front, the vastness of the eastern plains and the limited railroad network prevented the stalemate of the Western Front, though the scale of the conflict was just as large. There was heavy fighting on the Balkan Front, the Middle Eastern Front and the Italian Front; there were also hostilities at sea and in the air.
The fighting of the war mostly took place on the European continent. The Western Front was marked by a system of trenches, breastworks, and fortifications separated by an area known as "no man's land." These fortifications stretched 475 miles and led to a style of fighting known as "trench warfare." On the Eastern Front, the vastness of the eastern plains and the limited railroad network prevented the stalemate of the Western Front, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. There was heavy fighting on the Balkan Front, the Middle Eastern Front and the Italian Front; and hostilities at sea and in the air.


[[Image:imp066.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Investing in War-Savings Certificates allowed those at home to feel they were contributing to the war effort. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:imp066.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Investing in War-Savings Certificates allowed those at home to feel they were contributing to the war effort. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
In 1917 the draft went into effect in Iowa. Various churches, patriotic organizations and service clubs held farewell dinner parties for all those entering the service with treats and presents given each of the soldiers. (1) One the grandest parties held occurred on July 20, 1918 when 260 draftees made ready to leave Dubuque for their induction center in Camp Gordon, Georgia. (2)
In 1917 the draft went into effect in Iowa. Various churches, patriotic organizations and service clubs held farewell dinner parties for all those entering the service with treats and presents given each of the soldiers. (1) One the grandest parties held occurred on July 20, 1918 when 260 draftees made ready to leave Dubuque for their induction center in Camp Gordon, Georgia. (2)


In July, 1918 the "District of Dubuque" was formed with Dubuque, Clayton, Delaware, Allamakee and Winneshiek counties. The organization of the Dubuque District recruiting committee was to secure men for the overseas work of the [[YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION (Y.M.C.A.)]]. The local men in charge of the work included J. H. Spencer, chairman; F. W. Mahlke, secretary; and [[BISSELL, Frederick E.|Frederick E. BISSELL]], A. C. Buettrell, Rev. J. F. Clokey and Dr. [[LANGWORTHY, Henry Glover|Henry Glover LANGWORTHY]]. Applicants had to be above draft age, but not, as a rule over 50. "A winning personality ... as well as rugged health and physical strength" also played a role in who would be chosen for the duty of "doing for the men of the army what their fathers or mothers would do if they could." (3)
In July, 1918 the "District of Dubuque" was formed of Dubuque, Clayton, Delaware, Allamakee and Winneshiek counties. The purpose of the Dubuque District recruiting committee was to secure men for overseas work with the [[YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION (Y.M.C.A.)]]. The local men in charge of the work included J. H. Spencer, chairman; F. W. Mahlke, secretary; and [[BISSELL, Frederick E.|Frederick E. BISSELL]], A. C. Buettrell, Rev. J. F. Clokey and Dr. [[LANGWORTHY, Henry Glover|Henry Glover LANGWORTHY]]. Applicants had to be above draft age, but not, as a rule over 50. "A winning personality ... as well as rugged health and physical strength" also played a role in who would be chosen for the duty of "doing for the men of the army what their fathers or mothers would do if they could." (3)


Professionals in daily life transferred their skills to the military: (4)
Professionals in daily life transferred their skills to the military: (4)
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Dubuque provided many heroic soldiers to the conflict. Gaining special attention were [[BILLIS, Gustav|Gustav BILLIS]], [[BLOCKLINGER, Gottfried|Gottfried BLOCKLINGER]], [[CHAPMAN, Charles W. Jr.|Charles W. CHAPMAN, Jr.]], [[KRAKOW, Carl C.|Carl C. KRAKOW]], [[SPAUTZ, Matthew|Matthew SPAUTZ]] and the [[GOVERNOR'S GREYS]].
Dubuque produced many heroic soldiers during the conflict. Gaining special attention were [[BILLIS, Gustav|Gustav BILLIS]], [[BLOCKLINGER, Gottfried|Gottfried BLOCKLINGER]], [[CHAPMAN, Charles W. Jr.|Charles W. CHAPMAN, Jr.]], [[KRAKOW, Carl C.|Carl C. KRAKOW]], [[SPAUTZ, Matthew|Matthew SPAUTZ]] and the [[GOVERNOR'S GREYS]].


At home, civilians were asked to help support the war effort. In the first Liberty Loan, over 65,000 Iowans bought $30,740,000 worth of bonds.  A second Liberty Loan saw 288,000 Iowans buy $83,047,400 worth of bonds. The largest campaign was the Third Liberty Loan when 687,000 Iowa residents bought $119,0221,200 worth of bonds. (5)
At home, civilians were asked to help support the war effort. In the first Liberty Loan, over 65,000 Iowans bought $30,740,000 worth of bonds.  A second Liberty Loan saw 288,000 Iowans buy $83,047,400 worth of bonds. The largest campaign was the Third Liberty Loan when 687,000 Iowa residents bought $119,0221,200 worth of bonds. (5)


[[Image:wwcert2.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Liberty Bond certificate. Courtesy: Telegraph Herald]]Paper work on the second Liberty Bond sale caused problems for 23,000 soldiers. These soldiers were unable to get their bonds because they were transferred from one unit to another. The zone finance officer needed a record of where each man was each month while the deductions were being made from his pay and the name of the unit with which the man was serving at the time. To assist the officer in getting this information, the Telegraph Herald printed a form which could be filled out and returned to the paper. After being checked over, the form was sent to the zone finance officer and then to the official service section for processing. (6)
[[Image:wwcert2.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Liberty Bond certificate. Courtesy: Telegraph Herald]]Paper work on the second Liberty Bond sale caused problems for 23,000 soldiers. These soldiers were unable to get their bonds because they were transferred from one unit to another. The zone finance officer in Dubuque needed a record of where each man was each month while the deductions were being made from his pay and the name of the unit with which the man was serving at the time. To assist the officer in getting this information, the ''Telegraph Herald'' printed a form which could be filled out and returned to the paper. After being checked over, the form was sent to the zone finance officer and then to the official service section for processing. (6)


Unlike [[WORLD WAR II]] there was no food rationing. Through slogans such as "Food Will Win the War", "Meatless Mondays", and "Wheatless Wednesdays", the United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover reduced national consumption by 15%. (7) "Minute speaker" volunteers spoke briefly to theater audiences to remind them of upcoming fund drives. (8) Many invested in war savings certificates. Business responded quickly to the war. The [[DUBUQUE BOAT AND BOILER WORKS]] manufactured a variety of ships. The production of sub-chasers, in addition to other work orders, caused the company to advertise its immediate need for more workers. It was rumored that those involved with the construction of ships would not be drafted. (9)
Unlike [[WORLD WAR II]] there was no food rationing. Through slogans such as "Food Will Win the War", "Meatless Mondays", and "Wheatless Wednesdays", the United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover reduced national consumption by 15%. (7) "Minute speaker" volunteers spoke briefly to theater audiences to remind them of upcoming fund drives. (8) Many invested in war savings certificates. Business responded quickly to the war. The [[DUBUQUE BOAT AND BOILER WORKS]] manufactured a variety of ships. The production of sub-chasers, in addition to other work orders, caused the company to advertise its immediate need for more workers. It was rumored that those involved with the construction of ships would not be drafted. (9)
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[[Image:imp068.jpg|left|thumb|250px|After serving their country in the military, soldiers received their honorable discharge. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]The war was ended by several treaties, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, though the Allied powers had an armistice with Germany in place since November 11, 1918.  
[[Image:imp068.jpg|left|thumb|250px|After serving their country in the military, soldiers received their honorable discharge. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]The war was ended by several treaties, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, though the Allied powers had an armistice with Germany in place since November 11, 1918.  


At 1:46 a.m. news were reached in the offices of the Telegraph Herald from the Associated Press. "Within two minutes" the first Telegraph Herald 'extra' with the headlines "WAR ENDS" and only the briefest remarks was on the streets. News traveled quickly and crowds gathered on Main Street. People beat tin pans, rang bells and waved flags. (10)
At 1:46 a.m. news reached in the offices of the ''Telegraph Herald'' from the Associated Press. "Within two minutes" the first ''Telegraph Herald'' 'extra' with the headlines "WAR ENDS" and only the briefest remarks was on the streets. News traveled quickly and crowds gathered on Main Street. People beat tin pans, rang bells and waved flags. (10)


War War I resulted in the United States losing 116,516 soldiers. There were 204,002 wounded and 4,500 prisoners and missing. (11)
War War I resulted in the United States losing 116,516 soldiers. There were 204,002 wounded and 4,500 prisoners and missing. (11)


Troops returning from war have always worried about getting jobs. When the American Legion complained that many were not able to get their old jobs back in Dubuque, the Telegraph Herald offered to print in a box on the first page the names of companies that have rehired soldiers. (12) The [[DUBUQUE FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY]] quickly reported that it had rehired fifteen of the sixteen men who served. The ''Telegraph Herald'' had rehired every person who applied and was ready to rehire those still in the service. Special arrangements had been made with the Typographical Union that people hired to fill positions during the war would be required to give up those jobs to returning soldiers. [[METZ MANUFACTURING COMPANY]] had rehired five and was holding jobs for two others. (13)
Troops returning from war have always worried about getting jobs. When the American Legion complained that many were not able to get their old jobs back in Dubuque, the ''Telegraph Herald'' offered to print in a box on the first page the names of companies that had rehired soldiers. (12) The [[DUBUQUE FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY]] quickly reported that it had rehired fifteen of the sixteen men who served. The ''Telegraph Herald'' had rehired every person who applied and was ready to rehire those still in the service. Special arrangements had been made with the Typographical Union that people hired to fill positions during the war would be required to give up those jobs to returning soldiers. [[METZ MANUFACTURING COMPANY]] announced that it had rehired five and was holding jobs for two others. (13)


[[Image:Worldwar1plaque.jpg|left|thumb|200px|First Congregational Church remembered its heroes.]]After the war, the League of Nations was created as an international organization designed to avoid future wars by giving nations a means of solving their differences diplomatically. World War I ended the world order which had existed since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, but was an important factor in the outbreak of [[WORLD WAR II]].
[[Image:Worldwar1plaque.jpg|left|thumb|200px|First Congregational Church remembered its heroes.]]After the war, the League of Nations was created as an international organization designed to avoid future wars by giving nations a means of solving their differences diplomatically. World War I ended the world order which had existed since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, but was an important factor in the outbreak of [[WORLD WAR II]].


Headquartered in Indianapolis, the American Legion was founded in 1919 by veterans returning from Europe after World War I. It has nearly 3 million members and was instrumental in the creation of the U.S. Veterans' Bureau, now known as the Department of Veterans Affairs. (14) Commanders of the Dubuque American Legion include [[FRUDDEN, Edward C.|Edward C. FRUDDEN]].
Headquartered in Indianapolis, the American Legion was founded in 1919 by veterans returning from Europe after World War I. In 2014 it had nearly 3 million members and was instrumental in the creation of the U.S. Veterans' Bureau, now known as the Department of Veterans Affairs. (14) Commanders of the Dubuque American Legion have included [[FRUDDEN, Edward C.|Edward C. FRUDDEN]].


The sale of paper poppies annually in Dubuque and across the United States began as a result of the war. The Veterans of Foreign Wars conducted its first poppy distribution before Memorial Day in 1922, becoming the first veterans' organization to organize a nationwide distribution. The poppy soon was adopted as the official memorial flower of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States.
The sale of paper poppies annually in Dubuque and across the United States began as a result of the war. The Veterans of Foreign Wars conducted its first poppy distribution before Memorial Day in 1922, becoming the first veterans' organization to organize a nationwide distribution. The poppy soon was adopted as the official memorial flower of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States.


It was during the 1923 encampment that the VFW decided that VFW Buddy Poppies be assembled by disabled and needy veterans who would be paid for their work to provide them with some form of financial assistance. The plan was formally adopted during the VFW's 1923 encampment. The next year, disabled veterans at the Buddy Poppy factory in Pittsburgh assembled VFW Buddy Poppies. The designation "Buddy Poppy" was adopted at that time.
It was during the 1923 encampment that the VFW decided that VFW Buddy Poppies be assembled by disabled and needy veterans who would be paid for their work to provide them with some form of financial assistance. The plan was formally adopted. The next year, disabled veterans at the Buddy Poppy factory in Pittsburgh began assembling VFW Buddy Poppies and the designation "Buddy Poppy" was adopted at that time.


In February 1924, the VFW registered the name "Buddy Poppy" with the U.S. Patent Office. A certificate was issued on May 20, 1924, granting the VFW all trademark rights in the name of Buddy under the classification of artificial flowers. The VFW has made that trademark a guarantee that all poppies bearing that name and the VFW label are genuine products of the work of disabled and needy veterans. No other organization, firm or individual can legally use the name "Buddy" Poppy.
In February 1924, the VFW registered the name "Buddy Poppy" with the U.S. Patent Office. A certificate was issued on May 20, 1924, granting the VFW all trademark rights in the name of Buddy under the classification of artificial flowers. The VFW has made that trademark a guarantee that all poppies bearing that name and the VFW label are genuine products of the work of disabled and needy veterans. No other organization, firm or individual can legally use the name "Buddy" Poppy.

Revision as of 06:14, 22 December 2014

On February 23, 1918 these were the first Dubuquers to be drafted and sent to fight in Europe. This photo was taken on the steps of the City Hall. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding and the Center for Dubuque History, Loras College

WORLD WAR I. Also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the "War to End All Wars," World War I was a global conflict which took place primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918. More than 40 million casualties resulted, including approximately 20 million military and civilian deaths. Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilized from 1914 to 1918.

The event considered to have triggered the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary. The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against the Kingdom of Serbia activated alliances that set off a series of war declarations. Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare.

The causes of the war date back to the unification of Germany and the changing balances of power among the European Great Powers in the early 20th century. These causes included French resentment over the loss of territory to Germany in the 19th century, the economic and military competition between Britain and Germany, and the German desire for equality with the other countries of Europe.

Children of Dubuque subscribers to the New York Times could cut out "action figures" printed in the newspaper, glue them to cardboard, and conduct their own "battles" in the living room. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding

The war was fought between two major alliances. The Triple Entente Powers consisted of France, the United Kingdom, Russia, and their associated empires and dependencies. Other states joined these allies including Japan in August 1914, Italy in April 1915, and the United States in April 1917. The Central Powers, named because of their central location on the European continent, consisted of Germany and Austria-Hungary and their associated empires. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October 1914, followed a year later by Bulgaria. By the conclusion of the war, only The Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, the Scandinavian nations, and Monaco remained officially neutral among the European countries.

The Army Y.M.C.A. provided American soldiers with a play to buy items they needed and write letters home. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding
World War I military uniform worn by Frank Kaiser. Photo courtesy: Jim Lang

The fighting of the war mostly took place on the European continent. The Western Front was marked by a system of trenches, breastworks, and fortifications separated by an area known as "no man's land." These fortifications stretched 475 miles and led to a style of fighting known as "trench warfare." On the Eastern Front, the vastness of the eastern plains and the limited railroad network prevented the stalemate of the Western Front, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. There was heavy fighting on the Balkan Front, the Middle Eastern Front and the Italian Front; and hostilities at sea and in the air.

Investing in War-Savings Certificates allowed those at home to feel they were contributing to the war effort. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding

In 1917 the draft went into effect in Iowa. Various churches, patriotic organizations and service clubs held farewell dinner parties for all those entering the service with treats and presents given each of the soldiers. (1) One the grandest parties held occurred on July 20, 1918 when 260 draftees made ready to leave Dubuque for their induction center in Camp Gordon, Georgia. (2)

In July, 1918 the "District of Dubuque" was formed of Dubuque, Clayton, Delaware, Allamakee and Winneshiek counties. The purpose of the Dubuque District recruiting committee was to secure men for overseas work with the YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION (Y.M.C.A.). The local men in charge of the work included J. H. Spencer, chairman; F. W. Mahlke, secretary; and Frederick E. BISSELL, A. C. Buettrell, Rev. J. F. Clokey and Dr. Henry Glover LANGWORTHY. Applicants had to be above draft age, but not, as a rule over 50. "A winning personality ... as well as rugged health and physical strength" also played a role in who would be chosen for the duty of "doing for the men of the army what their fathers or mothers would do if they could." (3)

Professionals in daily life transferred their skills to the military: (4)

     Iowa Medical Profession in the Great War
      List of Iowa Physicians who have been 
      Recommended by the Surgeon General for 
      Commissions in the Medical Officers 
      Reserve Corps and Assigned to Duty.
  Name 	  Rank 	     Residence

Blocklinger, Albert Herman Capt. Dubuque

Brownson, Orestes Augustine 1st Lieut. Dubuque

Cantonwine, Emtellis Augustus Capt. Dubuque

Fritz, Lafayette Helmuth 1st Lieut. Dubuque

Gratiot, Harvey B. Capt. Dubuque

Harris, Ray Rhinalds 1st Lieut Dubuque

Kearney, Charles Atwell Capt. Dubuque

Keogh, John Victor Capt. Dubuque

Lewis, Eugene R. Lieut-Col Dubuque

Linehan, Lewis Joseph 1st Lieut Dubuque

Loes, Anthony Michael 1st Lieut Dubuque

McGuire, Clarence Ambrose 1st Lieut. Dubuque

Moes, Matthias Joseph Capt. Dubuque

Parker, H. C. Major Dubuque

Pond, Alanson Madison Capt Dubuque

Schrup, Joseph Henry Capt. Dubuque

Walker, John Milton Capt. Dubuque

White, Edward Harvey 1st Lieut. Dubuque


Dubuque produced many heroic soldiers during the conflict. Gaining special attention were Gustav BILLIS, Gottfried BLOCKLINGER, Charles W. CHAPMAN, Jr., Carl C. KRAKOW, Matthew SPAUTZ and the GOVERNOR'S GREYS.

At home, civilians were asked to help support the war effort. In the first Liberty Loan, over 65,000 Iowans bought $30,740,000 worth of bonds. A second Liberty Loan saw 288,000 Iowans buy $83,047,400 worth of bonds. The largest campaign was the Third Liberty Loan when 687,000 Iowa residents bought $119,0221,200 worth of bonds. (5)

Liberty Bond certificate. Courtesy: Telegraph Herald

Paper work on the second Liberty Bond sale caused problems for 23,000 soldiers. These soldiers were unable to get their bonds because they were transferred from one unit to another. The zone finance officer in Dubuque needed a record of where each man was each month while the deductions were being made from his pay and the name of the unit with which the man was serving at the time. To assist the officer in getting this information, the Telegraph Herald printed a form which could be filled out and returned to the paper. After being checked over, the form was sent to the zone finance officer and then to the official service section for processing. (6)

Unlike WORLD WAR II there was no food rationing. Through slogans such as "Food Will Win the War", "Meatless Mondays", and "Wheatless Wednesdays", the United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover reduced national consumption by 15%. (7) "Minute speaker" volunteers spoke briefly to theater audiences to remind them of upcoming fund drives. (8) Many invested in war savings certificates. Business responded quickly to the war. The DUBUQUE BOAT AND BOILER WORKS manufactured a variety of ships. The production of sub-chasers, in addition to other work orders, caused the company to advertise its immediate need for more workers. It was rumored that those involved with the construction of ships would not be drafted. (9)

After serving their country in the military, soldiers received their honorable discharge. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding

The war was ended by several treaties, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, though the Allied powers had an armistice with Germany in place since November 11, 1918.

At 1:46 a.m. news reached in the offices of the Telegraph Herald from the Associated Press. "Within two minutes" the first Telegraph Herald 'extra' with the headlines "WAR ENDS" and only the briefest remarks was on the streets. News traveled quickly and crowds gathered on Main Street. People beat tin pans, rang bells and waved flags. (10)

War War I resulted in the United States losing 116,516 soldiers. There were 204,002 wounded and 4,500 prisoners and missing. (11)

Troops returning from war have always worried about getting jobs. When the American Legion complained that many were not able to get their old jobs back in Dubuque, the Telegraph Herald offered to print in a box on the first page the names of companies that had rehired soldiers. (12) The DUBUQUE FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY quickly reported that it had rehired fifteen of the sixteen men who served. The Telegraph Herald had rehired every person who applied and was ready to rehire those still in the service. Special arrangements had been made with the Typographical Union that people hired to fill positions during the war would be required to give up those jobs to returning soldiers. METZ MANUFACTURING COMPANY announced that it had rehired five and was holding jobs for two others. (13)

First Congregational Church remembered its heroes.

After the war, the League of Nations was created as an international organization designed to avoid future wars by giving nations a means of solving their differences diplomatically. World War I ended the world order which had existed since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, but was an important factor in the outbreak of WORLD WAR II.

Headquartered in Indianapolis, the American Legion was founded in 1919 by veterans returning from Europe after World War I. In 2014 it had nearly 3 million members and was instrumental in the creation of the U.S. Veterans' Bureau, now known as the Department of Veterans Affairs. (14) Commanders of the Dubuque American Legion have included Edward C. FRUDDEN.

The sale of paper poppies annually in Dubuque and across the United States began as a result of the war. The Veterans of Foreign Wars conducted its first poppy distribution before Memorial Day in 1922, becoming the first veterans' organization to organize a nationwide distribution. The poppy soon was adopted as the official memorial flower of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States.

It was during the 1923 encampment that the VFW decided that VFW Buddy Poppies be assembled by disabled and needy veterans who would be paid for their work to provide them with some form of financial assistance. The plan was formally adopted. The next year, disabled veterans at the Buddy Poppy factory in Pittsburgh began assembling VFW Buddy Poppies and the designation "Buddy Poppy" was adopted at that time.

In February 1924, the VFW registered the name "Buddy Poppy" with the U.S. Patent Office. A certificate was issued on May 20, 1924, granting the VFW all trademark rights in the name of Buddy under the classification of artificial flowers. The VFW has made that trademark a guarantee that all poppies bearing that name and the VFW label are genuine products of the work of disabled and needy veterans. No other organization, firm or individual can legally use the name "Buddy" Poppy.

Today, VFW Buddy Poppies are still assembled by disabled and needy veterans in VA Hospitals.

The minimal assessment (cost of Buddy Poppies) to VFW units provides compensation to the veterans who assemble the poppies, provides financial assistance in maintaining state and national veterans' rehabilitation and service programs and partially supports the VFW National Home for orphans and widows of our nation's veterans. (15)

On November 11, 1938 hundreds of Dubuque residents joined with members of the American Legion at 8th and Main to observe the recently declared national holiday, Armistice Day. At 11:00 a.m. people paused briefly, turned to the east, and joined thousands nationwide in commemorating the dead of the First World War. (16)

In 1929 Congress passed legislation authorizing the secretary of war to arrange for pilgrimages to the European cemeteries "by mothers and widows of members of military and naval forces of the United Sates who died in the service at any time between April 5, 1917, and July 1, 1921, and whose remains are now interred in such cemeteries." Congress later extended eligibility for pilgrimages to mothers and widows of men who died and were buried at sea or who died at sea or overseas and whose places of burial were unknown. The Office of the Quartermaster General determined that 17,389 women were eligible. By October 31, 1933, when the project ended, 6,693 women had made the pilgrimage. (17) From the five mothers eligible from Dubuque, three chose to make the journey. (18)

Many veterans of the war were given the opportunity to participate in HONOR FLIGHT DUBUQUE.

American "doughboys" wore uniforms like this. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding.
A wall-hanging lovingly made to commemorate the participation of a family member in the "War to End All Wars." Photo courtesy: Bob Reding
World War I veterans are shown marching along Main Street after returning from war. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding and the Center for Dubuque History, Loras College
Sewing kit. Photo courtesy: Joseph Jacobsmeier
VFW parade during World War I.
The USS Dubuque(PG-17) was a United States Navy patrol combatant ship that fought in both World War I and World War II.

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Source:

1. "First Party for Selectees Big Success," Telegraph Herald, July 14, 1942, p. 1. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mz9FAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kbsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5212,1195993&dq=dubuque+during+world+war+i&hl=en

2. Ibid.

3. "Seek Men for Overseas Work," Telegraph Herald, July 19, 1918, p. 3

4. "Iowa Medical Profession in the Great War," Dubuque IAGenWeb. Online: http://iagenweb.org/dubuque/military/IMP_GW.htm

5. "Iowa's Part in the World War," The Des Moines Register, Jan. 28, 1932

6. ""Liberty Bonds For Soldiers; Fill in Blank," Telegraph Herald, September 14, 1919, p. 1

7. "Rationing" Wikipedia. Online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing

8. $20,000 Red Cross Fund Drive Tuesday," Telegraph Herald, Jan. 18, 1942, p. 1. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDpFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lLsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4309,1906790&dq=minute+speakers+dubuque&hl=en

9. "Work Started on Two 'Sub Chasers," Telegraph Herald, May 10, 1917, p. 3. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AQleAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6V8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,1896930&dq=dubuque+boat+and+boiler+works&hl=en

10. "City Wild as News War's End Comes," Telegraph Herald, Nov. 11, 1921, p. 8. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L5ZSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vdAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3647,4588010&dq=armistice+day+dubuque&hl=en

11. "World War I Casualty and Death Tables," Online: http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html

12. "These Dubuque Firms Have Employed Returned Soldiers," Telegraph Herald, June 5, 1919, p. 1. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J19BAAAAIBAJ&sjid=I6kMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3685,8581&dq=dubuque+in+world+war+i&hl=en

13. Ibid.

14. Reber, Craig D. "Legion Commander in Dubuque," Telegraph Herald, July 8, 2008, p. 3. Online: http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DQ&p_theme=dq&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=121D0A1C9E914588&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM

15. "Buddy Poppy," http://www.vfw.org/Community/Buddy-Poppy/

16. "War Dead Are Honored Here," Telegraph Herald, Nov. 11, 1938, p. 1. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6ddBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8akMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5557,2650496&dq=dubuque+during+world+war+i&hl=en

17. "World War I Gold Star Mothers' Pilgrimages," Dubuque County IAGenWeb. Online: http://iagenweb.org/dubuque/military/GSMP_1930.htm

18. "Gold Star Mothers From Dubuque County," IAGenWeb. Online: http://iagenweb.org/dubuque/military/GoldStar.htm